Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and

331 Pages·2010·2.04 MB·English

FUNDAMENTALS OF
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
SeriesEditors:DrXuemin(Sherman)Shen,UniversityofWaterloo,Canada
DrYiPan,GeorgiaStateUniversity,USA
The“WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing”isaseriesofcomprehensive,
practicalandtimelybooksonwirelesscommunicationandnetworksystems.Theseriesfocuseson
topicsrangingfromwirelesscommunicationandcodingtheorytowirelessapplicationsandpervasive
computing.Thebooksprovideengineersandothertechnicalprofessionals,researchers,educators,and
advancedstudentsinthesefieldswithinvaluableinsightintothelatestdevelopmentsandcutting-edge
research.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
THEORY AND PRACTICE
Waltenegus Dargie
TechnicalUniversityofDresden,Germany
Christian Poellabauer
UniversityofNotreDame,USA
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Fundamentalsofwirelesssensornetworks:theoryandpractice/WaltenegusDargie,ChristianPoellabauer.
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TK7872.D48D372010
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2010003984
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ISBN978-0-470-99765-9(H/B)
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To my wife, Kathy,
and my children, Joshua and Pheben
Waltenegus Dargie
To my wife, Rumana,
and my children, Adam and Maya
Christian Poellabauer

Contents
About the Series Editors xv
Preface xvii
Part One: INTRODUCTION
1 Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes 3
1.1 DefinitionsandBackground 4
1.1.1 Sensing andSensors 4
1.1.2 WirelessSensorNetworks 7
1.2 ChallengesandConstraints 9
1.2.1 Energy 10
1.2.2 Self-Management 11
1.2.3 WirelessNetworking 11
1.2.4 DecentralizedManagement 12
1.2.5 DesignConstraints 12
1.2.6 Security 13
1.2.7 OtherChallenges 13
Exercises 14
References 15
2 Applications 17
2.1 StructuralHealthMonitoring 17
2.1.1 Sensing Seismic Events 18
2.1.2 Single Damage DetectionUsing Natural Frequencies 19
2.1.3 Multiple Damage DetectionUsing Natural Frequencies 19
2.1.4 Multiple Damage DetectionUsing Mode Shapes 20
2.1.5 Coherence 21
2.1.6 Piezoelectric Effect 22
2.1.7 Prototypes 24
2.2 TrafficControl 26
2.2.1 TheSensing Task 26
2.2.2 Prototypes 30
2.3 HealthCare 30
2.3.1 Available Sensors 32
2.3.2 Prototypes 32
viii Contents
2.4 PipelineMonitoring 35
2.4.1 Prototype 35
2.5 PrecisionAgriculture 36
2.5.1 Prototypes 37
2.6 ActiveVolcano 38
2.6.1 Prototypes 39
2.7 UndergroundMining 40
2.7.1 SourcesofAccidents 41
2.7.2 TheSensing Task 42
Exercises 42
References 44
3 Node Architecture 47
3.1 TheSensingSubsystem 48
3.1.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter 48
3.2 TheProcessorSubsystem 51
3.2.1 ArchitecturalOverview 52
3.2.2 Microcontroller 54
3.2.3 Digital Signal Processor 54
3.2.4 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit 55
3.2.5 FieldProgrammable Gate Array 56
3.2.6 Comparison 57
3.3 CommunicationInterfaces 58
3.3.1 Serial Peripheral Interface 58
3.3.2 Inter-IntegratedCircuit 59
3.3.3 Summary 61
3.4 Prototypes 62
3.4.1 TheIMote Node Architecture 63
3.4.2 TheXYZ Node Architecture 64
3.4.3 TheHogthrob Node Architecture 65
Exercises 66
References 68
4 Operating Systems 69
4.1 FunctionalAspects 70
4.1.1 DataTypes 70
4.1.2 Scheduling 70
4.1.3 Stacks 71
4.1.4 System Calls 71
4.1.5 Handling Interrupts 71
4.1.6 Multithreading 72
4.1.7 Thread-BasedvsEvent-BasedProgramming 72
4.1.8 MemoryAllocation 73
4.2 NonfunctionalAspects 73
4.2.1 Separation of Concern 73
4.2.2 System Overhead 74