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Fundamentals of Surgical Practice: A Preparation Guide for the Intercollegiate MRCS Examination PDF

680 Pages·2011·7.2 MB·English
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This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of Surgical Practice Third Edition Fundamentals of Surgical Practice Third Edition Editedby AndrewN.KingsnorthMS,FRCS,FACS ConsultantSurgeon,DerrifordHospitalandHonoraryProfessorofSurgery, PeninsulaCollegeofMedicineandDentistry,Plymouth,UK DouglasM.BowleyFRCS[GenSurg] ConsultantSurgeon,HeartofEnglandNHSFoundationTrustandSeniorLecturer, AcademicDepartmentofMilitarySurgeryandTrauma, RoyalCentreforDefenceMedicine,Birmingham,UK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversity Press,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521137225 (cid:1)c CambridgeUniversityPress1998,2006,2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandto theprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,no reproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermission ofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirstpublishedbyGreenwichMedicalMedia1998 SecondEditionpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress2006 ThirdEditionpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritish Library LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Fundamentalsofsurgicalpractice/editedbyAndrewN.Kingsnorth, MS,FRCS,FACS,ConsultantSurgeon,DerrifordHospitaland HonoraryProfessorofSurgery,PeninsulaCollegeofMedicineand Dentistry,Plymouth,UK,DouglasM.Bowley,FRCS[GenSurg], ConsultantSurgeon,HeartofEnglandNHSFoundationTrustand SeniorLecturer,AcademicDepartmentofMilitarySurgeryand Trauma,RoyalCentreforDefenceMedicine,Birmingham,UK.–Third Edition. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-13722-5(pbk.) 1.Surgery. I.Kingsnorth,AndrewN.,1948–editor. II.Bowley,DouglasM.,editor. [DNLM:1.SurgicalProcedures,Operative.WO500] RD32.F86 2011 617–dc22 2010048439 ISBN978-0-521-13722-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferred tointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurate andup-to-dateinformationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandards andpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesare drawnfromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisethe identitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editors andpublisherscanmakenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontained hereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsare constantlychangingthroughresearchandregulation.Theauthors, editorsandpublishersthereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirector consequentialdamagesresultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedin thisbook.Readersarestronglyadvisedtopaycarefulattentionto informationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipment thattheyplantouse. Contents Listofcontributors vii Preface x Section1–BasicSciences 10 Fundamentalsofcancermanagement 151 MarkDuxbury RelevanttoSurgicalPractice 1 Pharmacologyandthesafe Section4–PerioperativeCareof prescribingofdrugs 1 theSurgicalPatient JamieJ.Coleman,AnthonyR.Coxand NicholasJ.Cowley 11 Fundamentalsofintestinalfailureand 2 Fundamentalsofgeneralpathology 15 nutrition 173 GeraldLangman TimCampbellSmithandAlistairWindsor 3 Fundamentalsofsurgical 12 Enhancedrecoveryaftersurgery 181 microbiology 41 JohnEvansandRobinH.Kennedy RichardCunningham 13 Fundamentalsofintensivecare 190 4 Fundamentalsofradiology 54 AngelaL.Neville ArvindPallan 14 Caringforsurgicalpatients: complicationsandcommunication 230 Section2–BasicSurgicalSkills DouglasM.Bowley 5 Surgicaltechniquesandtechnology 71 15 Managementofsepsis 248 MichaelA.ScottandMarkG.Coleman MarkJ.Midwinter 6 Professionalism–includingacademic activities:clinicalresearch,audit, Section5–CommonSurgical consentandethics 94 Conditions EvangelosMazaris,ParisTekkisand VassiliosPapalois 16 Assessmentandearlytreatmentof patientswithtrauma 253 7 Fundamentalsofpalliativeandendof lifecare 103 RossDavenportandNigelTai ChantalMeystreandRiffattHussein 17 Fundamentalsofthecentralnervous system 276 JamesPalmerandAnantKamat Section3–TheAssessmentand 18 Fundamentalsofheadandneck ManagementoftheSurgicalPatient surgery 306 8 Preoperativeassessment 127 JohnK.S.WooandWalterW.K.King JeffreyL.Tong 19 Fundamentalsofthoracicsurgery 330 9 Fundamentalsofanaesthesia 134 RichardS.SteynandDeborahHarrington JeffreyL.Tong v Contents 20 Oesophago-gastricsurgery 343 27 Fundamentalsofvascularsurgery 505 TimWheatley DonaldJ.Adam,MartinW.Claridgeand AntoniusB.M.Wilmink 21 Fundamentalsofhepatobiliaryand pancreaticsurgery 358 28 Fundamentalsoforthopaedics 521 MarkDuxburyandRowanParks JonClasper 22 Fundamentalsofendocrinesurgery 378 29 Fundamentalsofplasticsurgery 537 PeterCant TaniaC.S.Cubison 23 Fundamentalsofthebreast 392 30 Surgicalcareofthepaediatricpatient 564 StevenD.Heys PaulK.H.Tam 24 Lowergastrointestinalsurgery 430 31 Fundamentalsoforgan ChrisCunningham transplantation 608 MatthewBowles 25 Fundamentalsofthegenitourinary system 453 AngelaCottrellandAndrewDickinson 26 Hernias 480 Index 625 AndrewN.Kingsnorth vi Contributors DonaldJ.Adam MarkG.Coleman ConsultantSurgeon,HeartofEnglandNHS ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofSurgery, FoundationTrustandSeniorLecturer,Departmentof DerrifordHospital,Plymouth,UK VascularSurgery,BirminghamUniversity, AngelaCottrell Birmingham,UK DepartmentofUrology,DerrifordHospital, MatthewBowles Plymouth,UK ConsultantSurgeon,DerrifordHospital,Plymouth, NicholasJ.Cowley UK SpecialistRegistrar,DepartmentofAnaesthesia, DouglasM.Bowley UniversityHospitalsBirminghamNHSFoundation ConsultantSurgeon,HeartofEnglandNHS Trust,Birmingham,UK FoundationTrust,andSeniorLecturer,Academic AnthonyR.Cox DepartmentofMilitarySurgeryandTrauma,Royal CentreforDefenceMedicine,Birmingham,UK LecturerinClinicalTherapeutics,Schoolof Pharmacy,AstonUniversity,Birmingham, TimCampbellSmith UK DepartmentofColonandRectalSurgery,University CollegeLondonHospitals,London,UK TaniaC.S.Cubison ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofBurns, PeterCant ReconstructionandPlasticSurgery,QueenVictoria ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofSurgery, Hospital,EastGrinstead,EastSussex,UK,andRoyal DerrifordHospital,Plymouth,UK ArmyMedicalCorps,UK MartinW.Claridge ChrisCunningham SpecialistRegistrarinSurgery,Birmingham ColorectalSurgeon,DepartmentofColorectal UniversityDepartmentofVascularSurgery,Heartof Surgery,JohnRadcliffeHospital,Oxford,UK EnglandNHSFoundationTrust,Birmingham,UK RichardCunningham JonClasper ConsultantMicrobiologist,Departmentof ConsultantSurgeon,FrimleyParkNHSFoundation Microbiology,DerrifordHospital,Plymouth, TrustandDefenceProfessorofTraumaand UK Orthopaedics,AcademicDepartmentofMilitary SurgeryandTrauma,RoyalCentreforDefence RossDavenport Medicine,Birmingham,UK TraumaResearchFellow,TraumaClinicalAcademic Unit,RoyalLondonHospital,Whitechapel,London, JamieJ.Coleman UK SeniorLecturer,DepartmentofClinical Pharmacology,CollegeofMedicalandDental AndrewDickinson Sciences,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham, ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofUrology, UK DerrifordHospital,Plymouth,UK vii Listofcontributors MarkDuxbury ChantalMeystre ClinicalScientistandHonoraryConsultantSurgeon, Consultant,PalliativeCarePhysician,Heartof UniversityofEdinburgh,RoyalInfirmary,Edinburgh, EnglandNHSFoundationTrustandMedical UK Director,MarieCurieHospice,Solihull,Birmingham, UK JohnEvans St.Mark’sHospital,Middlesex,UK MarkJ.Midwinter ConsultantSurgeon,UniversityHospitals DeborahHarrington BirminghamNHSFoundationTrustandDefence SpecialistRegistrar,DepartmentofThoracicSurgery, ProfessorofSurgery,RoyalCentreforDefence HeartofEnglandNHSFoundationTrust, Medicine,Birmingham,UK Birmingham,UK AngelaL.Neville StevenD.Heys AssistantProfessorofSurgery,Harbor-UCLA ProfessorofSurgicalOncologyandConsultant MedicalCenter,LosAngeles,CA,USA Surgeon,DeputyHead,DivisionofApplied Medicine,SchoolofMedicineandDentistry, ArvindPallan UniversityofAberdeen,Aberdeen,UK ConsultantRadiologist,HeartofEnglandNHS FoundationTrust,Birmingham,UK RiffattHussein EducationFellow,HeartofEnglandNHSFoundation JamesPalmer Trust,Birmingham,UK ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofNeurological Surgery,DerrifordHospital,Plymouth,UK AnantKamat ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofNeurological VassiliosPapalois Surgery,DerrifordHospital,Plymouth,UK ConsultantTransplantandGeneralSurgeon,The WestLondonRenalandTransplantCentre,Imperial RobinH.Kennedy CollegeNHSHealthcareTrust,Hammersmith ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofColorectal Hospital,London,UK Surgery,St.Mark’sHospital,Middlesex,UK RowanW.Parks WalterW.K.King ConsultantSurgeon,EdinburghRoyalInfirmaryand ClinicalProfessor,DepartmentofSurgery,Chinese ReaderinSurgery,DepartmentofClinicaland UniversityofHongKongandCentreDirector,Plastic SurgicalSciences,UniversityofEdinburgh, andReconstructiveSurgeryCentre,HongKong Edinburgh,UK SanatoriumandHospital,HongKong MichaelA.Scott AndrewN.Kingsnorth ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofSurgery, ConsultantSurgeon,DerrifordHospitaland GloucestershireRoyalHospital,Gloucester,UK HonoraryProfessorofSurgery,PeninsulaCollegeof RichardS.Steyn MedicineandDentistry,Plymouth,UK ConsultantSurgeon,DepartmentofThoracic GeraldLangman Surgery,HeartofEnglandNHSFoundationTrust, ConsultantHistopathologist,HeartofEnglandNHS Birmingham,UK FoundationTrust,Birmingham,UK NigelTai EvangelosMazaris ConsultantTraumaandVascularSurgeon,Trauma PhDStudent,TheWestLondonRenalandTransplant ClinicalAcademicUnit,RoyalLondonHospitaland Centre,ImperialCollegeNHSHealthcareTrust, SeniorLecturer,RoyalCentreforDefenceMedicine, HammersmithHospital,London,UK Birmingham,UK viii

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This extensively revised and updated edition of Fundamentals of Surgical Practice is a key surgical textbook for the intercollegiate MRCS examination. Mirroring the entire new syllabus, it offers trainees a clear understanding of the core knowledge required for examination success and incorporates n
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