Fundamentals of Solid-State Lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and Their Applications in Illumination and Displays

606 Pages·2014·28.67 MB·English

by  Vinod Kumar Khanna

Fundamentals of
Solid-State Lighting
Fundamentals of
Solid-State Lighting
LEDs, OLEDs, and Their
Applications in
Illumination and Displays
VINOD KUMAR KHANNA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Version Date: 20140319
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Khanna, Vinod Kumar, 1952-
Fundamentals of solid-state lighting : LEDs, OLEDs, and their applications in illumination and displays /
author, Vinod Kumar Khanna.
pages cm
Summary: “This book presents an up-to-date, comprehensive survey of the principles, technology, and
applications of solid-state devices for lighting and displays. Compared to traditional electrical filaments, arc
lamps, and fluorescent lamps, solid-state lighting offers higher efficiency, reliability, and environmentally
friendly technology. The book covers a range of solid-state devices, technologies, and materials used for
lighting and displays. It also examines auxiliary but critical requirements of efficient applications, such as
modeling, thermal management, reliability, and smart lighting. “-- Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4665-6109-0 (paperback)
1. Light emitting diodes. 2. Organic semiconductors. 3. Information display systems--Materials. 4.
Electric lamps--Materials. 5. Electric lighting. I. Title.
TK7871.89.L53K535 2014
621.32--dc23 2014007004
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Dedicated to the loving memory of my father,
Late Shri Amarnath Khanna
for nurturing my educational career.
Also dedicated to my mother Shrimati Pushpa Khanna,
my daughter Aloka Khanna, and wife Amita Khanna
for their affection, help, and relentless moral support
in easy times, in challenging times,
and in all tasks
to continue efforts without declining
for “every cloud has a silver lining.”
Contents
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
Author xxxiii
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initialisms xxxv
Part I History and Basics of Lighting
Chapter 1 Chronological History of Lighting 3
Learning Objectives 3
1.1 How Early Man Looked at the “Sun” 3
1.2 Te Need for Artifcial Light Sources 3
1.3 First Steps in the Evolution of Artifcial Lighting 4
1.4 Te First Solid-State Lighting Device 4
1.5 Te First Practical Electrical Lighting Device 4
1.6 Te Incandescent Filament Lamp 6
1.7 Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamps 7
1.8 Te Fluorescent Lamp 7
1.9 Te Compact Fluorescent Lamp 8
1.10 Revolution in the World of Lighting: Advent of
Light-Emitting Diodes 8
1.11 Birth of the First LED and the Initial Stages of LED
Development 8
1.12 Te Father of the LED: Holonyak Jr. 11
1.13 Te Post-1962 Developments 11
1.14 Haitz’s Law 11
1.15 AlGaAs LEDs Grown on GaAs Substrates 12
1.16 AlGaInP LEDs on GaAs Substrates 12
1.17 Acquisition of Generated Light 12
1.18 Te AlInGaN Material System: Blue and White LEDs 13
1.19 High-Power LEDs 13
1.20 LEDs and Materials Science 14
1.21 Te Omnipresent Elements: Ga, N, and As 14
1.22 Further Refnements 15
1.23 Discussion and Conclusions 15
References 16
Review Exercises 17
Chapter 2 Nature and Quality of Lighting 19
Learning Objectives 19
2.1 What Is Light? 19
vii
viii ■ Contents
2.1.1 Dual Nature of Light 19
2.1.2 Properties of Light Waves 21
2.1.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 22
2.2 Vision 24
2.3 Opaqueness, Color, and Transparency of Materials to Light 25
2.4 Photometry 26
2.5 Colorimetry, Radiometry, and Photometry 28
2.6 Upcoming Colorimetric Metrics for Solid-State Lighting 31
2.6.1 Color Quality Scale 31
2.6.2 Gamut Area Index 32
2.6.3 Statistical Approach 32
2.7 Discussion and Conclusions 32
References 33
Review Exercises 33
Chapter 3 Conventional Light Sources 35
Learning Objectives 35
3.1 Competing Light Sources 35
3.2 Incandescent Filament Bulb 36
3.3 Tungsten Halogen Lamp 37
3.4 High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp 38
3.5 Metal Halide Lamp 40
3.6 Low-Pressure Sodium and High-Pressure Sodium Vapor
Lamps 40
3.7 Fluorescent Tube and Compact Fluorescent Lamp 41
3.8 Performance Comparison of Diferent Traditional Light
Sources 44
3.9 Discussion and Conclusions 45
References 46
Review Exercises 46
Chapter 4 LED-Based Solid-State Lighting 49
Learning Objectives 49
4.1 LED Diode Family 49
4.2 LED Construction 50
4.3 Quasi-Monochromatic Nature of Emission 50
4.4 Red LED 51
4.5 White LED 52
4.6 Indicator- and Illuminator-Type LEDs 54
4.7 Preliminary Ideas of SSL 54
4.7.1 Te Term “Solid-State Lighting” 55
4.7.2 Meaning of Illumination 55
4.7.3 A Display Device 55
4.8 Why Solid-State Lighting? 56
4.9 Drawbacks of SSL 58
Contents ■ ix
4.10 Potential and Promises of SSL 59
4.10.1 Te Monochrome Era: Early 1960s to
Late 1990s 59
4.10.2 Te Beginning of LED General Illumination:
2000–2011 60
4.10.2.1 Performance of SSL Luminaire 60
4.10.2.2 LED Street Light 60
4.10.3 2011 Onwards . . . 60
4.11 Discussion and Conclusions 60
References 61
Review Exercises 62
Part II Inorganic LEDs
Chapter 5 Physical Principles of Inorganic LEDs 65
Learning Objectives 65
5.1 Understanding Lighting Processes from Luminescence
Teory 65
5.2 Injection Luminescence: Te Most Efcient
Electroluminescence 67
5.3 Mechanisms of Electron and Hole Recombination in
Semiconductors 69
5.3.1 Radiative Recombination Mechanisms 69
5.3.2 Nonradiative Recombination Mechanisms 79
5.4 Recombination Rates of Excess Carriers and Excess-
Carrier Lifetimes 81
5.4.1 Radiative Recombination Rate (Urad) and Carrier
Lifetime (τr) 81
5.4.2 Nonradiative Recombination Rate (Rnr) and
Carrier Lifetime (τnr) 84
5.4.3 Overall Lifetime of Excess Carriers and Radiative
Efciency of LED 86
5.5 Discussion and Conclusions 90
References 90
Review Exercises 91
Chapter 6 Homojunction LEDs 93
Learning Objectives 93
6.1 Homojunction in Equilibrium 93
6.2 Reverse-Biased Homojunction 97
6.3 Forward-Biased Homojunction 106
6.4 Injection Efciency of Homojunction LEDs 109
6.5 Discussion and Conclusions 110
References 111
Review Exercises 111