Fundamentals of Optical Computing Technology

303 Pages·2018·13.518 MB·English

by  Xiujian Li, Zhengzheng Shao, Mengjun Zhu, Junbo Yang

Xiujian Li · Zhengzheng Shao 
Mengjun Zhu · Junbo Yang
Fundamentals
of Optical
Computing
Technology
Forward the Next Generation
Supercomputer
Fundamentals of Optical Computing Technology
Xiujian Li Zhengzheng Shao
(cid:129)
Mengjun Zhu Junbo Yang
(cid:129)
Fundamentals of Optical
Computing Technology
Forward the Next Generation Supercomputer
123
Xiujian Li MengjunZhu
Collegeof LiberalArts andSciences Collegeof LiberalArts andSciences
National University ofDefense Technology National University ofDefense Technology
Changsha Changsha
China China
ZhengzhengShao JunboYang
Collegeof LiberalArts andSciences Collegeof LiberalArts andSciences
National University ofDefense Technology National University ofDefense Technology
Changsha Changsha
China China
ISBN978-981-10-3847-1 ISBN978-981-10-3849-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3849-5
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Preface
As the advanced stage of the thriving information age, the first half of the
twenty-firstcenturyisdestinedtobeadramaticleapinthecharacteroftechnology.
Obviously, the principle driving force behind this leap is the development of the
digitalcomputer,especiallythehigh-performancecomputers.Whileimpressive,the
technological capabilities of electronic digital computers are impossible infinite.
Surely, the physical bottleneck limitation of the electronic computing technology
will slow down the development of electronic digital computer.
However,asthebottleneckoftheelectroniccomputers,thedevelopmentprocess
is subjected to more and more restrictions. How to continuously push forward the
computer performance by effective but creative means is the bottleneck problem
thatthesupercomputerdevelopmentfacesatpresent.Particularly,howtosolvethe
bottleneck problem that the supercomputer development faces by multiple tech-
niques involved is an important challenge.
With the combining of the optical technique and other realm techniques mutu-
ally, new optics and optoelectronics components are matured day by day, which
bring bright applied prospects for the computer realm. Along with the rapid
development of new optics and optoelectronics components, the technical break-
through of optical switch, optical interconnect, optical storage pushed the
expanding of application realm of optical information technique and the corre-
sponding application realm largely.
Among of all, the ultra-fast optical switching technology makes the very short
periodofopticalinformationtransmissionandcontrolpossible,andthecontroltime
isreducedgreatly.Thesuccessfulapplicationofopticalinterconnectiontechnology
in the super-performance computer such as Sunway TaihuLight will speed up the
peak performance of a single super-performance computer system up to beyond
thousands of PFlops in the near future. And the large capacity development of
optical storage makes possible the processing and storage of massive data.
Furthermore, as the rapid development of related technologies has caused our
infinite imagination, the integration of optical technology can be considered to
v
vi Preface
improve the performance of supercomputer remarkably. We can image that, a real
optical computer with the settlement processing aspects of ultra-high speed and
largecapacityinformationshouldbeenoughforustostaretongue-tied. Therefore,
a large number of applications of optical technology in the computer will be the
inevitable trend, and someday it will replace the status of electronic technology.
Aboveall,thedevelopmentofparallelopticalcomputingtechnologyisconsidered
tobethebestwaytosolvetheproblemofthecurrentsuper-performancecomputer
continuing to improve.
Since optical processing has remarkable advantages of high speed and large
capacity, it is a natural thing to introduce optics and related technologies into
computing technology. According to the successful experience of electronic com-
puting, the system structure of the optical computer will still need to have the
processor, memory and controller, and other parts. Basically, as long as these
components can work together, with the corresponding information coding, soft-
ware algorithm, I/O interface, as well as other auxiliary components, the devel-
opment of optical computer can become possible.
However, from the objective law of the development of things, the appearance
of the optical computer will not be achieved overnight. The realization of optical
computerrequiresnotonlytheappearanceoftypicalfunctionaldevices,butalsothe
successfuldockingofotherparts,suchasopticalprocessor,opticalmemory,optical
routing switch, and so on. Furthermore, the realization of these subsystems needs
laseranddetector,converter,memory,anddevelopmentofvariouskindsofgrating
and lens in principle, method, technology, material and device integration, and it
will also need the data encoding theory and method, optical information model
expression, optical computer architecture, and other aspects of a breakthrough.
Opticalcomputinghasbeenstudiedextensivelyformanyyears,anditsresearch
fields include structural theory, device principle and fabrication, structure and
realization offunctional devices, and so on. However, the system structure theory
hasnotyetachievedabreakthrough,andtheprincipleandfabricationofthedevice
arenotsystematic.Andmostofall,thereisstillalargegapbetweenthefunctional
device performance and the application expectation.
This book, by aiming at the above problems, according to the composition of
optical computing hardware development, will mainly focus on the hardware
structuresandtheprinciplesofnewopticalmaterialsanddeviceswiththeprevious
research experience technology, which lay the foundation for the researcher in
relevant fields for the future construction of optical computing system.
Based on multi-perspectives of physics, optical engineering, and computer sci-
ence, this book attempts to provide the principle and technology of hardware and
functional materials applied to the future optical computing systems, covering the
optical computing unit, the optical switching and the optical interconnection, the
optical storage, the optical buffer and synchronization.
Preface vii
Structure of the Book
Chapter 1, Summary of Optical computing Technology: Mainly to review the
historyofcomputing,describethedefinitionandconnotationofopticalcomputing,
and a simple description of the basis for analog optical computing and digital
optical computing, as well as the possible model of optical computer architecture.
Chapter 2, Semiconductor MQWs Photo-electronic Logic Devices: Mainly on
semiconductor quantum wells structure, the basic principle and characteristics of
semiconductor self-electro-optical effect and vertical surface principle, working
principle, characteristic and application method of SEEDs, and the integration
methodfor SEEDsandcircuit aredescribed,and thequantumpoint ofnew theory
and technology are discussed.
Chapter 3, Minitype Light Source for Optical Computing: Including the main
concept and connotation of vertical surface-emitting optoelectronic devices, LD
mode vertical surface-emitting light device structure and principle, design and
performance analysis of VCSELs laser, optoelectronic devices and the application
and prospect of vertical surface are described.
Chapter 4, Micro- and Diffractive Optical Elements: Mainly the concept and
connotation, structure and characteristics, classification and principle, design and
preparation technology of the micro-lens array and diffractive optical element are
introduced, and the analysis of description and performance analysis method for
opticalcomponentsandthedesignandapplicationofmicro-lensarrayandthetwo
elements are described.
Chapter 5, Optical Storage: Main progress of optical storage materials and
devices, the principle of two-photon interactions, using two-photon interaction of
3D optical information storage method of photorefractive effect and its application
in optical storage, and the development trend of the optical storage devices are
analyzed.
Chapter 6, Parallel Optical Interconnections: Including the concept of parallel
optical interconnect and optical switching, developments and applications of par-
allel optical interconnection and optical switching, typical optical interconnection
principles and optical implement, optical cross principle of diffractive optical ele-
ments in parallel optical interconnect applications, design and implementation of
free-space optical interconnection, development trend analysis of parallel optical
interconnection.
Chapter 7, Optical Buffer and Full-Optical Synchronization: Including optical
bufferingconceptandcontent,theopticalbufferandthefull-opticalsynchronization
based on slow light, and looking forward to the future development trend of the
field.
viii Preface
Thisbookcombinesworldwidescientificresearchachievementsinrecentyears
andsomepartofthecontents,somecontentsevendirectlyquotedsomepartsofthe
relevant literatures. Specially, we give thanks to Jiankun Yang, Ju Liu, Hui Jia,
Juncai Yang, Di Kong, Wenhua Hu, Rui Zhang, Jiannan Zhang, Xiaoguang Hou,
Yongming Nie, Wenchao Sun, Yuanda Zhang, Jiali Liao and SHishang Luo for
their significant and helpful research for this book. Anyway, the authors
acknowledge all the people and institutes sincerely.
Changsha, China Xiujian Li
Zhengzheng Shao
Mengjun Zhu
Junbo Yang
Contents
1 Summary of Optical Computing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Phylogeny and Trend of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Primal Computing Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Handwrought Computing Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Mechanical and Electromechanical Computing Age. . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Electronic Computing Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 Status and Trend of Super Parallel Computer . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.6 Prospect of Future Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Concept of Optical Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.1 Basic Operation of Optics for Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.2 Basic Models for Optical Computer Framework . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Background in Optical Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 Holographic Grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2 Optical Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.3 Abbe Imaging Principle and Spatial Filtering . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3.4 Optical Correlator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.5 Optical Numerical Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Semiconductor MQWs Photo-Electronic Logic Devices . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 Basic Principle of Semiconductor MQWs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.1 Micro- and Nano-Materials
and Quantum-Limited Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.2 Semiconductor MQWs and Self-electro-Optical Effect . . . . 37
2.2 Principle and Properties of SEEDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.1 How to Achieve Self-electro-Optic Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.2 Diode-Biased SEEDs to Achieve Bistability . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.3 Symmetry SEEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.4 Symmetry SEEDs to Achieve Boolean Operation . . . . . . . 48
ix
x Contents
2.3 Optimization and Characteristics of MQW’s Modulator . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.1 Reflective SEEDs Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.2 Asymmetry Reflective F-P SEEDs Modulator . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3 Performance of MQW’s SEEDs Modulator. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4 Flat Integration of SEEDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.1 Multi-Quantum Wells Modulator and Electronic
Circuit Integration—Smart Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.2 MQW’s Spatial Light Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.5 Summary and Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3 Minitype Light Source for Optical Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2 Wedge-Emitting Photoelectric Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.1 LED and LD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.2 Functional Optical Interconnect and Semiconductor
Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3 StructureandPrincipleofLEDandLDModeVertical-to-Surface
Transmission Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.3.1 LED Mode Vertical-to-Surface Transmission
Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.3.2 LD Mode Vertical-to-Surface Transmission
Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3.3 Integration of Vertical-to-Surface Transmission
Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4 VCSELs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.4.1 Structure of VCSELs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.4.2 Characteristics of VCSELs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4.3 Optimum Design of VCSELs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.4 Current State and Development Trend of VCSELs . . . . . . 101
3.5 Applications of Minitype-Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.5.1 Optical Logic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.5.2 Serial–Parallel Data Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.5.3 Parallel Optical Data Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.6 Summary and Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4 Micro- and Diffractive Optical Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2 Design of Micro-Optical Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.2.1 Geometric Optical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.2.2 Scalar Analysis for Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.3 Vector Analysis for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123