Fundamentals of Operating Systems

209 Pages·1993·18.068 MB·English

by  A. M. Lister, R. D. Eager (auth.)

Macmillan Computer Science Series
Consulting Editor:
Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester
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Funda01entals of
Operating Systems
A.M. Lister
University of Queensland
R. D. Eager
University of Kent at Canterbury
Fifth Edition
150th YEAR
M
©A.M. Lister 1975, 1979, 1984
© A. M. Lister and R. D. Eager 1988, 1993
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WlP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First edition 1975
Reprinted 1977, 1978
Second edition 1979
Reprinted 1980 (twice), 1981 (four times), 1983 (three times)
Third edition 1984
Reprinted 1984, 1985, 1986
Fourth edition 1988
Reprinted 1989 (twice), 1990, 1991, 1992
Fifth edition 1993
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-59848-1 ISBN 978-1-349-13283-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13283-6
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Contents
Preface to the First Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xii
Preface to the Third Edition xiii
Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii
Preface to the Fifth Edition xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Types of operating system 3
1.2 System structure 6
1.3 The 'paper' operating system 8
2 Functions and Characteristics of an Operating System 9
2.1 Operating system functions 9
2.2 Operating system characteristics 13
2.3 Desirable features 15
3 Concurrent processes 17
3.1 Programs, processes and processors 17
3.2 Communication between processes 19
3.3 Semaphores 21
3.4 Monitors 29
3.5 Message passing 30
3.6 Summary 32
4 The System Nucleus 33
4.1 Essential hardware facilities 33
4.2 Outline of the nucleus 35
4.3 Representation of processes 37
4.4 The first-level interrupt handler 38
4.5 The dispatcher 41
4.6 Implementation of wait and signal 45
5 Memory Management 51
5.1 Objectives 51
5.2 Virtual memory 53
5.3 Implementation of virtual memory 54
5.4 Memory allocation policies 66
5.5 The working set model 72
vii
viii Fundamentals of Operating Systems
5.6 Implementation in the paper system 74
6 Input and Output 76
6.1 Design objectives and implications 77
6.2 The 1/0 procedures 80
6.3 The device handlers 82
6.4 Buffering 85
6.5 File devices 87
6.6 Spooling 89
6.7 Conclusion 91
7 The Filing System 92
7.1 Objectives 92
7.2 File directories 93
7.3 Sharing and security 96
7.4 Secondary memory organisaton 99
7.5 File system integrity 106
7.6 Opening and closing files 108
7.7 Conclusion 112
8 Resource Allocation and Scheduling 114
8.1 General observations 114
8.2 Allocation mechanisms 115
8.3 Deadlock 117
8.4 The scheduler 124
8.5 Scheduling algorithms 126
8.6 Process hierarchies 131
8.7 Control and accounting 134
8.8 Summary 138
9 Protection 140
9.1 Motivation 140
9.2 Development of protection mechanisms 141
9.3 A hierarchical protection mechanism 145
9.4 General systems 147
9.5 Conclusion 152
10 Reliability 153
10.1 Objectives and terminology 153
10.2 Fault avoidance 155
10.3 Error detection 158
10.4 Fault treatment 160
10.5 Errorrecovery 161
10.6 Multilevel error handling 163
10.7 Conclusion 165
Contents ix
11 The User Interface 166
11.1 Some general remarks 166
11.2 Command languages 167
11.3 Job control languages 170
11.4 Modern control languages 173
11.5 Graphical user interfaces 173
11.6 The job pool 174
11.7 System messages 175
11.8 Passage of a job through the system 175
Conclusion 177
Appendix: Monitors 182
References 185
Index 191
to my parents
Preface to the First Edition
An operating system is probably the most important part of the body of soft
ware which goes with any modem computer system. Its importance is reflected
in the large amount of manpower usually invested in its construction, and in
the mystique by which it is often surrounded. To the non-expert, the design
and construction of operating systems has often appeared an activity
impenetrable to those who do not practise it. I hope this book will go some
way toward dispelling the mystique, and encourage a greater general under
standing of the principles on which operating systems are constructed.
The material in the book is based on a course of lectures I have given for
the past few years to undergraduate students of computer science. The book is
therefore a suitable introduction to operating systems for students who have a
basic grounding in computer science, or for people who have worked with
computers for some time. Ideally the reader should have a knowledge of pro
gramming and be familiar with general machine architecture, common data
structures such as lists and trees, and the functions of system software such as
compilers, loaders and editors. It will also be helpful if he or she has had some
experience of using a large operating system, seeing it, as it were, from the
outside.
The first two chapters of the book define the functions of an operating
system and describe some common operating system characteristics. Chapter 3
establishes the process as a basic concept in the discussion of the concurrent
activities which go on inside an operating system, and describes how processes
communicate with each other. The rest of the book then describes the construc
tion of an operating system from the bottom up, starting at the interface with
the machine hardware and ending at the interface with the user. By the end of
the book the system which has been constructed is seen to possess the features
demanded at the beginning.
Throughout the book I have tried to show how each stage in the construc
tion of an operating system naturally follows on the previous ones, and have
emphasised the logical structure of the system as a whole. I have done this for
two reasons. The first is pedagogical: my experience indicates that students
gain a better understanding of complex material if it is presented in a coherent
manner. The second is frankly polemic: this is the way I believe operating
systems should be built. Attention to structure and logical dependence are the
best means we have of building operating systems which are easy to under
stand, easy to maintain, and relatively error free. Finally, I would like to thank
xi