Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design

246 Pages·2019·16.395 MB·English

by  Michael Steer

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN Third Edition S
T
E
E
R
Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design enables mastery of the essential concepts required to cross the barriers
to a successful career in microwave and RF design. Extensive treatment of scattering parameters, that naturally FUNDAMENTALS OF
describe power flow, and of Smith-chart-based design procedures prepare the student for success. The emphasis is
on design at the module level and on covering the whole range of microwave functions available. The orientation
is towards using microstrip transmission line technologies and on gaining essential mathematical, graphical and
design skills for module design proficiency. This book is derived from a multi volume comprehensive book series,
Microwave and RF Design, Volumes 1-5, with the emphasis in this book being on presenting the fundamental MICROWAVE
materials required to gain entry to RF and microwave design. This book closely parallels the companion series that
can be consulted for in-depth analysis with referencing of the book series being familiar and welcoming.
F
U
KEY FEATURES N
ALSO BY THE AUTHOR D AND RF DESIGN
• A companion volume to a comprehensive series on Microwave and RF Design A
microwave and RF design M
Radio Systems
• Open access ebook editions are hosted by NC State E
Volume 1 N
University Libraries at:
ISBN 978-1-4696-5690-8 T
https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.20/36776 A
• 59 worked examples L
• An average of 24 exercises per chapter Microwave and RF Design S

Transmission Lines O
• Answers to selected exercises
Volume 2 F
• Emphasis on module-level design using microstrip
technologies ISBN 978-1-4696-5692-2 M
I
• Extensive treatment of design using Smith charts C
• A parallel companion book series provides a Microwave and RF Design R
O
detailed reference resource Networks
W
Volume 3
A
ISBN 978-1-4696-5694-6
ABOUT THE AUTHOR V
E
Michael Steer is the Lampe Distinguished Professor Microwave and RF Design A
of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Modules N
Carolina State University. He received his B.E. and Ph.D. D
Volume 4
degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of
ISBN 978-1-4696-5696-0 R
Queensland. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and is a former F
editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Microwave D
Microwave and RF Design
Theory and Techniques. He has authored more than 500 E
publications including twelve books. In 2009 he received Amplifiers and Oscillators S
I
a US Army Medal, “The Commander’s Award for Public Volume 5 G
Service.” He received the 2010 Microwave Prize and the ISBN 978-1-4696-5698-4 N
2011 Distinguished Educator Award, both from the IEEE
Microwave Theory and Techniques Society.
Published by NC State University Distributed by UNC Press
Michael Steer
Third Edition
Fundamentals of
Microwave and RF Design
Third Edition
Michael Steer

Fundamentals of
Microwave and RF Design
Third Edition
Michael Steer
Copyright c 2019byM.B.Steer
(cid:31)
Citation:Steer,Michael.FundamentalsofMicrowaveandRFDesign.(ThirdEdi-
tion),NCStateUniversity,2019.doi:https//doi.org/10.5149/
9781469656892 Steer
ThisworkislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial
4.0Internationallicense(CCBY-NC4.0).Toviewacopyofthelicense,visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses.
ISBN978-1-4696-5688-5(paperback)
ISBN978-1-4696-5689-2(openaccessebook)
PublishedbyNCStateUniversity
DistributedbytheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress
www.uncpress.org
Printing:1
Tomybrotherandsisterfromthestart,
andthebrothersandsistersIhavegatheredalongtheway
Paul,Donna,Ruth,Eric,Juliet,Ian,Paul,Tamara,Joseph,Louise,PatriciaandRobert
Preface
The objective in writing this textbook is that the student will acquire
the skills to be proficient at RF and microwave module design. The
distinguishing feature of RF and microwave design is that distributed
effects due to the finite delay of electrical signals must be accounted
for. Sometimes this requires a design approach that avoids problems
due to distributed effects. But very often these effects provide novel
circuit functions that have no equivalent at lower frequencies. Distributed
effects must be understood so that microwave circuits can be designed
to avoid problems such as multimoding. Also understanding distributed
effects leads to an understanding and appreciation of the vast trove of
unique microwave elements that can be employed in system design. An
understandingofmicrowavenetworktheorywillbegainedandthisleadsto
developmentoftheskillsrequiredtodesignmatchedcircuitsthatmaximize
microwave power transfer. Coupled with filtering, matching maximizes
the all important signal-to-interference ratio system metric. Microwave
engineering has several ‘barriers-to-entry’ and one of these is the use of
graphical techniques in distributed circuit design. The microwave system
designer must develop expertise in Smith chart-based design. A second
barrier to entry is the need to embrace forward- and backward-traveling
waves.Thisisthewaytheworldworks,andthefinitespeedofinformation
transfer due to signals traveling as electromagnetic waves is a central
conceptinmicrowaveengineering. Thisbookleavesthedesignof modules
themselvesformorespecializedmicrowavedesignandthatisthe province
ofacompanionbookseries.
This book is derived from a multi volume book series with an emphasis
in this Fundamentals book being on presenting material, the fundamentals,
required to cross the threshold to RF and microwave design. The series
itself comprises textbooks for several postgraduate classes and is also a
comprehensive reference library on microwave engineering. However the
seriesistoo detailedfor afirstcourse on microwave engineering. Butsince
TheFundamentalsofRFandMicrowaveDesigncloselyparallelsthebookseries,
referencingthebookserieswillbefamiliarandwelcoming.
ThebooksintheMicrowaveandRFDesignseriesareauthoredbyMichael
Steer,published by North Carolina StateUniversity, and distributed by the
UniversityofNorthCarolinaPressare:
MicrowaveandRFDesign:RadioSystems,Volume1
•
MicrowaveandRFDesign:TransmissionLines,Volume2
•
MicrowaveandRFDesign:Networks,Volume3
•
MicrowaveandRFDesign:Modules,Volume4
•
MicrowaveandRFDesign:AmplifiersandOscillators,Volume5
•
They are available in low cost paperback format and as open access
ebooks. Go to https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/do/open-education for
moredetails.
vi PREFACE
AsmuchaspossiblethisFundamentalsbookparallelsthebookseriesusing
common section names for example. This will help when consulting the
series. Even after my many decades in the field, I still fall back on my
undergraduate texts as first resources before searching out more detailed
and up-to-date information. Perhaps this is because I am well calibrated
to these books, and also because one never forgetsthe first way materialis
introduced.Myhopeisthatthiswillalsobetrueforthereader.
SupplementaryMaterials
Supplementarymaterialsavailabletoqualifiedinstructorsadoptingthebook
include PowerPoint slides and solutions to the end-of-chapter problems.
Requestsshouldbedirectedtotheauthor.Accesstodownloadsofthebooks,
additional material and YouTube videos are available at https://www.
lib.ncsu.edu/do/open-education
Acknowledgments
WritingthisbookhasbeenalargetaskandIamindebtedtothemanypeople
who helped along the way. First I want to thank the many students at NC
Statewhouseddraftsandthefirsttwoeditions.Ithankthemanyinstructors
and students who have provided feedback. I particularly thank Dr. Wael
Fathelbab for advice on , a filter expert, who co-wrote an early version
of the filter chapter. Professor Andreas Cangellaris helped in developing
the early structure of the book. Many people have reviewed the book and
provided suggestions. I thank input on the structure of the manuscript:
Professors Mark Wharton and Nuno Carvalho of Universidade de Aveiro,
ProfessorsEd Delp and SaulGelfand of PurdueUniversity, Professor Lynn
Carpenter of Pennsylvania State University, Professor Grant Ellis of the
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Professor Islam Eshrah of Cairo University,
Professor Mohammad Essaaidi and Dr. Otman Aghzout of Abdelmalek
Essaadi Univeristy, and Professor Jianguo Ma of Guangdong University
of Technology. I thank Dr. Jayesh Nath of Apple, Dr. Wael Fathelbab
of Northrup Grumman, Mr. Sony Rowland of the U.S. Navy, and Dr.
JonathanWilkerson of LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratories,Dr. Josh
Wetherington of Vadum, Dr. Glen Garner of Vadum, and Mr. Justin Lowry
whograduatedfromNorthCarolinaStateUniversity.
Many people helped in producing this book. In the first edition I was
assisted by Ms. Claire Sideri, Ms. Susan Manning, and Mr. Robert Lawless
whoassistedinlayoutandproduction.Thepublisher,taskmaster,andchief
coordinator, Mr.Dudley Kay, provided focus and tremendousassistance in
developing the first and second editions of the book, collecting feedback
frommanyinstructorsandreviewers.IthanktheInstitutionofEngineering
and Technology, who acquired the original publisher, for returning the
copyright to me. This open access book was facilitated by John McLeod
andSamuelDalzelloftheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,andbyMicah
Vandergrift and William Cross of NC State University Libraries. The open
accessebooksarehostbyNCStateUniversityLibraries.
The book was produced using LaTeX and open access fonts, line artwas
drawnusingxfigandinkscape,andimageswereeditedingimp.Sothanks
tothemanyvolunteerswhodevelopedthesepackages.
My family, Mary, Cormac, Fiona, and Killian, gracefully put up with my
absenceforinnumerablenightsandweekends,manymorethanIcouldhave
PREFACE vii
ever imagined. I truly thank them. I also thank my academic sponsor, Dr.
RossLampe,Jr.,whosesupportoftheuniversityanditsmissionenabledme
topursuehighriskandhighrewardendeavorsincludingthisbook.
MichaelSteer
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Raleigh,NorthCarolina
[email protected]
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 IntroductiontoMicrowaveEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 RFandMicrowaveEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 ElectromagneticFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 StaticFieldLaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Maxwell’sEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 RadioArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 RFPowerCalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 RFPropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 Decibels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 SIUnits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7.1 ExercisesBySection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7.2 AnswerstoSelectedExercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 AntennasandtheRFLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 RFAntennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 ResonantAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 RadiationfromaCurrentFilament . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Finite-LengthWireAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Traveling-WaveAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 AntennaParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.1 RadiationDensityandRadiationIntensity . . . . . . . 23
2.5.2 DirectivityandAntennaGain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.3 EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.4 EffectiveApertureSize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 TheRFLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.1 PropagationPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6.2 ResonantScattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6.3 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6.4 LinkLossandPathLoss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6.5 PropagationModelintheMobileEnvironment . . . . 34
2.7 AntennaArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7.1 MultipleInput,MultipleOutput . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7.2 MassiveMIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38