Fundamentals of Microanalytical Entomology: A Practical Guide to Detecting and Identifying Filth in Foods PDF
Preview Fundamentals of Microanalytical Entomology: A Practical Guide to Detecting and Identifying Filth in Foods
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROANALYTICAL ENTOMOLOGY A Practical Guide to Detecting and Identifying Filth in Foods FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROANALYTICAL ENTOMOLOGY A Practical Guide to Detecting and Identifying Filth in Foods Edited by ALAN R. OLSEN Director and Chief Entomologist San Francisco District Laboratory U.S. Food and Drug Administration Alameda, California THOMAS H. SIDEBOTTOM Associate Editor SHERRY A. KNIGHT Editorial Assistant Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint ofTaylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8925-2 (hbk) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety ofusers. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system ofpayment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fundamentals of microanalytical entomology : a practical guide to detecting and identifying filth in foods / Alan R. Olsen, editor, Thomas H. Sidebottom, associate editor, Sherry A. Knight, editorial assistant. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-8925-9 (alk. paper) 1. Food adulteration and inspection. 2. Microscopy. 3. Entomology. I. Olsen, Alan R. TX563.F86 1995 664'.07--dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 95-6737 CIP Library of Congress Card Number 95-6737 DEDICATION In memory ofmy father Raymond F. Olsen Who always encouraged my pursuit of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstandforemost, I acknowledge the invaluable assistance and supportofthe love ofmy life andpartnerin thisventure, AngelinaSmaseruiOlsen, whoprovided artisticadvice,helped prepare manuscripts, uplifted my spirits and supported me every day in every way. Special thanks to Thomas Cairns of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) DivisionofField Science,withoutwhoseadviceandsupport thisbookwould not be possible. Professor Cairns also reviewed the final manuscript in its entirety. For all their help, consultations and advice, we thank F.G. Andrews, D.S. Chandler, C.E. Griswold, D.G.H. Halstead, C.D. Johnson, J.M. Kingsolver, S. Larcher, J.F. Lawrence, G.S. Pfaffenberger, S.A. Slipinski, R.L. Smiley, R. Snelling, M. Sorenson, M.C. Thomas and S.L. Wood. ThanksalsotoPaulAmaud,VincentLeeandtheEntomologyDepartmentofthe California Academy ofSciences; Jon Coddington andthe Entomology Departmentofthe U.S. National Museum ofNatural History; VincentRoth ofthe Southwestern Research Station; andNancy Axelrod ofthe Entomology Library, Wellman Hall, University of Califomia-Berkeley. From the FDA: Steven Angold, Rosita Camarillo, David Chesney, Marshalette Edwards, Kris Foster, Sharon Friedman, Dan Gross, RonaldJohnson, Lee Kyker, Pete Santamariaand Luis Solorzano. Our FDA Science Advisors, Barry Rothman and Richard Bernstein (San Francisco) and Ric Greenwood (Los Angeles) provided valuable advice and reviews of manuscripts. Finally, twodeparted colleagueswhohelpedin manyways,JohnReddVI oftheFDAand CharlesHogueofthe Los AngelesCounty Museum ofNatural History,will be in ourthoughts and prayers always. FOREWORD Publication ofFundamentals ofMicroanalytical Entomology was stimulated by an FDA trainingcoursesponsoredby theDivisionofField Science in theOfficeofRegulatoryAffairs. It was evident during the planning sessions that a wealth of diverse information was being gathered for presentation by an experienced group ofdistinguished scientists. As part of the planning group, I hadthetaskofplaying the roleofEditor incombining thevariouschapters into a cohesivevolume forthe students. It occurredto meduring that process thatatextbook on the subject was being compiled. I thus urged the entomologists to consider transforming their various chapters into a textbook to share the practical experience of microanalytical entomology with a much wider audience than the training course provided. Althoughentomology asascientific discipline iswellrepresentedby severalpublications and a number of professional societies, the application to consumer protection is not well documented in the literature. This textbook, however, provides concise reports on the multi- faceted components of microanalytical entomology and is augmented with apertinentbibli- ography. The distinguished authors who have contributed to this publication all agreed that a platform existed for a premier textbook with high standards to cover comprehensively all aspects of the topic; hence the selected subtitle— A Practical Guide to Detecting andIdenti- fying Filth in Foods. Ifirmlybelievethat mycolleaguesattheFDAwho haveworkedso diligentlyto bringthis unique treatise to life, have exceeded their expectations. This book stands as a testimony to the efforts and scientific skills of regulatory entomologists to provide a full measure of consumer protection. Thomas Cairns, Ph.D., D.Sc. Senior Research Scientist Office ofRegulatory Affairs PREFACE The chapters in this volume were compiled from a unique perspective representing the combinedcollective intelligence andpractical experience ofscientists intimately involvedin microanalytical entomology on a daily basis. Although many scientists have studied various aspects of stored-product entomology, relatively few have been involved in the forensic aspect of trying to piece together the etiological puzzles of how insect filth gets into processed food products. Some of these talented scientists have combined their knowledge to compile this treatise gained from working in the active arena offood sanitation regulatory laboratories. These perspectives, I believe, are unparalleled in the scientific literature. Such an approach should prove valuable and informative to readers interested in learning how microanalytical entomology works. The various authors have assumed the reader has a basic knowledge ofthe principles of entomology,including basicinsecttaxonomy andmorphology.Discussions and identification keys, therefore, have beenpresented with regardto that level of understanding. Many excel- lent reference texts are available that explain the basics and numerous citations have been listed in the reference sections of the various chapters. In addition, I stress the absolute necessity of a reference collection of pinned specimens, microscope slide mounts of insect fragments and other authenticated reference specimens. In addition to describing and discussing the insects and other pests that are forensically significant for food sanitation control investigations, the authors have endeavored to give insights into the operational details ofpracticing microanalytical entomology. Furthermore, attentionhasbeenpaidtothelegalramifications andregulatory significanceoffilthin foods. The chapters on performing acceptable identifications of insect and hair filth, laboratory extractions offilthfrom product substrates and maintaining a reference collection havebeen amplifiedwiththe detailsofoperatingamicroanalytical entomologylaboratory.Thechapters on regulatory procedures and quality assurance offer an insider’s view regulating food sanitation. Every chapter in this book is constructed to emphasize the fundamental purpose of microanalytical entomology: toprotectthe consumerfrom food and otherproducts thathave become filthy through negligenceofgood sanitationpractices duringperiodsofmanufacture or storage. Unsanitary conditions surrounding the production and storage ofourfood supply are conducive to the spread ofdisease. Many ofthe pests discussed in this book are known or suspected carriers offood-bome disease organisms. Regardless ofwhether a given speci- men of a food-contaminating pest is actually infected with a pathogen, the conditions that allowed that potential disease vector access to a food product are an unacceptable risk that must be reduced or eliminated. The science of microanalytical entomology helps us under- stand theetiologyofthecontaminationin ordertoaccuratelyassessthegravityoftherisk and devise a solution to remove unnecessary risk. It isthejob of the microanalytical entomologistto detectand identify the filth from food- contaminating invertebrate and vertebrate pests. The methods, technical descriptions and identification keys in this book have been deliberately designed to assist in those tasks. Alan R. Olsen President Kerallang Natural History Institute Palau
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