Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy PDF
Preview Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy
Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Related titles: Corrosion prevention of magnesium alloys (ISBN 978-0-85709-437-7) Corrosion of magnesium alloys (ISBN 978-1-84569-708-2) Welding and joining of magnesium alloys (ISBN 978-1-84569-692-4) Details of these books and a complete list of titles from Woodhead Publishing can be obtained by: (cid:129) visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com (cid:129) contacting Customer Services (e-mail: [email protected]; fax: +44 (0) 1223 832819; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 499140 ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80, High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK) (cid:129) in North America, contacting our US offi ce (e-mail: usmarketing@ woodheadpublishing.com; tel.: (215) 928 9112; address: Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102–3406, USA If you would like e-versions of our content, please visit our online platform: www. woodheadpublishingonline.com . Please recommend it to your librarian so that everyone in your institution can benefi t from the wealth of content on the site. We are always happy to receive suggestions for new books from potential editors. To enquire about contributing to our materials series, please send your name, contact address and details of the topic/s you are interested in to francis.dodds@ woodheadpublishing.com. We look forward to hearing from you. The Woodhead team responsible for publishing this book: Commissioning Editor: Francis Dodds Publications Coordinator: Lucy Beg Project Editor: Rachel Cox Editorial and Production Manager: Mary Campbell Production Editor: Richard Fairclough Project Manager: Vedhapriya Badrinarayanan, Newgen Knowledge Works Pvt Ltd Freelance Copyeditor: Dick Hill Proofreader: Suma George, Newgen Knowledge Works Pvt Ltd Cover Designer: Terry Callanan © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy Edited by Mihriban O. Pekguleryuz , Karl U. Kainer and A. Arslan Kaya Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com www.woodheadpublishingonline.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.woodheadpublishingindia.com First published 2013, Woodhead Publishing Limited © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013. Note: the publisher has made every effort to ensure that permission for copyright material has been obtained by authors wishing to use such material. The authors and the publisher will be glad to hear from any copyright holder it has not been possible to contact. The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfi lming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specifi c permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013930190 ISBN 978-0-85709-088-1 (print) ISBN 978-0-85709-729-3 (online) The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Newgen Knowledge Works Pvt Ltd, India Printed by MPG Printgroup © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contents Contributor contact details ix 1 Primary production of magnesium 1 R. NEELAMEGGHAM, IND LLC, USA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Raw materials and production methods 3 1.3 Chemistry of extraction of magnesium from raw material 7 1.4 Fused salt electrolysis 11 1.5 Impurity removal chemistry in thermal processing 12 1.6 Process equipment 15 1.7 Melting, refi ning and casting magnesium 21 1.8 Magnesium alloy powder 23 1.9 Future trends 24 1.10 Conclusion 27 1.11 References 27 2 Physical metallurgy of magnesium 33 A. A. KAYA, Mugla University, Turkey 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Crystal structure and its consequences 34 2.3 Plastic deformation behaviour of magnesium and its alloys 41 2.4 Critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), slip and twinning 42 2.5 Fatigue behaviour 49 2.6 Creep behaviour 52 2.7 Recrystallization and grain growth 66 2.8 Future trends 73 2.9 References 73 v © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 vi Contents 3 Thermodynamic properties of magnesium alloys 85 S. L. SHANG and Z. K. LIU, Pennsylvania State University, USA 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Fundamentals of thermodynamics 86 3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Mg alloys and compounds 92 3.4 First-principles thermodynamics of Mg alloys and compounds 96 3.5 Future trends 115 3.6 Acknowledgements 116 3.7 References 116 4 Understanding precipitation processes in magnesium alloys 125 C. L. MENDIS, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany (formerly of National Institute for Materials Science, Japan) and K. HONO, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution 126 4.3 Precipitation hardening magnesium based alloy systems 138 4.4 Role of precipitation hardening in the development of high strength magnesium alloys 145 4.5 Conclusions and future trends 146 4.6 Sources of further information and advice 148 4.7 References 148 5 Alloying behavior of magnesium and alloy design 152 M. PEKGULERYUZ, McGill University, Canada 5.1 Introduction 152 5.2 Alloy design: solid solution alloying of magnesium 153 5.3 Alloy design: compound formation in magnesium alloys 161 5.4 The effects of second phases on the mechanical behavior of magnesium 173 5.5 Alloying with surface-active elements 177 5.6 Alloying elements and their effects 184 5.7 Summary: magnesium alloy design to enhance properties 187 5.8 References 189 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contents vii 6 Forming of magnesium and its alloys 197 M.R. BARNETT, Deakin University, Australia 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Testing for formability 199 6.3 Deformation mechanisms and formability 200 6.4 Yield characteristics and drawability 205 6.5 Work hardening and stretching 212 6.6 Failure strain behaviour, compression, rolling and bending 217 6.7 Superplastic deformation and hot forming 223 6.8 Hot cracking and extrusion 224 6.9 Conclusions: key issues affecting the formability of magnesium 225 6.10 Future trends 226 6.11 References 226 7 Corrosion and surface fi nishing of magnesium and its alloys 232 S. BENDER, iLF Institut f ü r Lacke und Farben e.V, Germany, J. G Ö LLNER, Otto von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany, A. HEYN, Federal Institue for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany, C. BLAWERT and P. BALA SRINIVASAN, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany 7.1 Introduction 232 7.2 Magnesium corrosion in aqueous media 233 7.3 Surface fi nishing 242 7.4 Implications for improving corrosion resistance and future trends 256 7.5 Conclusions 257 7.6 References 258 8 Applications: aerospace, automotive and other structural applications of magnesium 266 A. A. LUO, General Motors Global Research & Development, USA 8.1 Introduction 266 8.2 Material properties 267 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 viii Contents 8.3 Alloy development 274 8.4 Manufacturing process development 282 8.5 Aerospace applications 287 8.6 Automotive applications 289 8.7 Other applications 301 8.8 Future trends 303 8.9 Acknowledgements 310 8.10 References 310 9 Applications: magnesium-based metal matrix composites ( MMCs) 317 H. DIERINGA, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany 9.1 Introduction 317 9.2 Reinforcements for magnesium metal matrix composites (MMCs) 318 9.3 Processing of magnesium composites 323 9.4 Interfaces, wetting and compatibility 326 9.5 Properties of magnesium-based MMCs 328 9.6 Conclusions and future trends 339 9.7 References 339 10 Applications: use of magnesium in medical applications 342 F. WITTE, Hannover Medical School, Germany 10.1 Introduction to biodegradable implants based on metals 342 10.2 Fundamental concepts of biodegradation 345 10.3 Magnesium-based biodegradable metals 348 10.4 Recent research and future product development 350 10.5 Sources of further information and advice 352 10.6 References 353 10.7 Appendix: list of abbreviations 355 Index 357 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contributor contact details (* = main contact) Mugla University 48000 Mugla Editors Turkey Prof. Mihriban O. Pekguleryuz Email: [email protected] McGill University 3610 University Street Chapter 1 Montreal Neale R. Neelameggham Quebec H3A 2B2 Ind LLC Canada 9859 Dream Circle Email: Mihriban.pekguleryuz@ South Jordan mcgill.ca UT 84095 USA Karl U. Kainer Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Email: [email protected] Zentrum f ü r Material und Chapter 2 K ü stenforschung GmbH MagIC – Magnesium Innovation A. Arslan Kaya Centre Metallurgy and Materials Max-Planck-Str. 1 Engineering Department 21502 Geesthacht Faculty of Engineering Germany Mugla University Email: [email protected] 48000 Mugla Turkey and Email: [email protected] Materials Technology Hamburg University of Technology Chapter 3 Germany Dr ShunLi Shang and Professor A. Arslan Kaya Zi-Kui Liu* Metallurgy and Materials Department of Materials Science Engineering Department and Engineering Faculty of Engineering ix © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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