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Fundamentals of Hybrid Rocket Combustion and Propulsion This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of Hybrid Rocket Combustion and Propulsion Edited by Martin J.Chiaverini OrbitalTechnologies Corporation (ORBITEC) Madison,Wisconsin Kenneth K. Kuo Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Volume218 PROGRESSIN ASTRONAUTICSANDAERONAUTICS Frank K.Lu, Editor-in-Chief UniversityofTexasat Arlington Arlington,Texas Publishedbythe AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc. 1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,Virginia20191-4344 AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.,Reston,Virginia 1 2 3 4 5 Copyright#2007bytheAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.PrintedintheUnited StatesofAmerica.Allrightsreserved.Reproductionortranslationofanypartofthisworkbeyondthatper- mittedbySections107and108oftheU.S.CopyrightLawwithoutthepermissionofthecopyrightowneris unlawful.Thecodefollowingthisstatementindicatesthecopyrightowner’sconsentthatcopiesofarticlesin thisvolumemaybemadeforpersonalorinternaluse,onconditionthatthecopierpaytheper-copyfee($2.50) plustheper-pagefee($0.50)throughtheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, Massachusetts01923.Thisconsentdoesnotextendtootherkindsofcopying,forwhichpermissionrequests shouldbeaddressedtothepublisher.Usersshouldemploythefollowingcodewhenreportingcopyingfrom thisvolumetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter: ISBN-13:978-1-56347-703-4 ISBN-10:1-56347-703-3=07$2:50þ:50 Dataandinformationappearinginthisbookareforinformationalpurposesonly.AIAAisnotresponsiblefor anyinjuryordamageresultingfromuseorreliance,nordoesAIAAwarrantthatuseorreliancewillbefree fromprivatelyownedrights. Progress inAstronauticsand Aeronautics Editor-in-Chief FrankK.Lu UniversityofTexasatArlington EditorialBoard DavidA.Bearden AbdollahKhodadoust TheAerospaceCorporation TheBoeingCompany JohnD.Binder RichardC.Lind viaSolutions UniversityofFlorida StevenA.Brandt RichardM.Lloyd U.S.AirForceAcademy RaytheonElectronicsCompany FredR.DeJarnette FrankPai NorthCarolinaStateUniversity UniversityofMissouri—Columbia GailKlein NingQin JetPropulsionLaboratory UniversityofSheffield GeorgeEitalbery OlegYakimenko German–DutchWindTunnels U.S.NavalPostgraduateSchool SanjayGarg BenT.Zinn NASAGlennResearchCenter GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology EswarJosyula PeterH.Zipfel U.S.AirForceResearchLaboratory U.S.AirForceResearchLaboratory This page intentionally left blank Preface Hybridrocketpropulsionsystemshaveinherentsafetyandoperationalfeatures that make them attractive choices for a broad range of applications, including primarypropulsionforlaunchvehicles,upperstagepropulsion,tacticalandstra- tegicmissilesystems,andtheemergingfieldofcommercialspacetransportation. Thoughhybridrocketmotorsasweknowthemtodayhavebeeninvestigatedfor more than six decades, their development and maturation have not been as activelypursuedasthatofliquidbi-propellantenginesorsolidrocketmotors.His- torically, military applications in the United States favored the storability and launch-readiness capabilities of solid rocket motors, while high specific impulse and controllability made liquid engines the system of choice for civil applications. Nevertheless, recent and growing emphasis on greater propulsion safety,reduceddevelopmentandrecurringcosts,insensitivemunitions,environ- mentally-benignpropellants,propulsionsystemrobustnessandreliability,anda high degree of operability have heightened interest in hybrid propulsion systems for commercial space applications and military propulsion programs. In response, a number of government laboratories, large industrial companies, academic research institutions, and small businesses have implemented hybrid rocket research and development efforts that have, within the past decade, led to significant state-of-the-art advancements in hybrid rocket propulsion. Equally important is the ongoing international interests in hybrids in France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Turkey, India, China, Japan, and other countries. It is also very significant that the recent historic flight of SpaceShipOne, the first privately-developed manned vehicle to successfully reach the edge of space, waspoweredbyahybridrocketmotorwithveryreasonablecostofdevelopment. Whilemanyexceptionalresearchershavecontributedtothehybridliterature over the years, no major text, devoted solely to hybrid rocket combustion and propulsion, had been prepared prior to this volume. In 2001, at the AIAA Hybrid Rocket Technical Committee summer meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah, during the 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, the need for a professional text to organize and present the fundamentals of hybrid rocketcombustion,aswellastocollectandpromotemorerecentadvancements, was identified. During subsequent Joint Propulsion Conferences, the desired content of the text was established and experts in various aspects of hybrid rockets were invitedto contribute, resulting in the current volume. FundamentalsofHybridRocketCombustionandPropulsionisdesignedasa referencetextforindustrialdesigners,propulsionsystemanalysts,testengineers, academic researchers, and graduate/undergraduate students studying chemical propulsion. The contents are organized to cover broad aspects of hybrid rocket combustion, including: theoretical and experimental approaches to solid-fuel regression rate characterization, both analytic and numerical modeling of hybrid rocket internal flow fields, transient hybrid combustion phenomena, various fuels and oxidizers used in hybrid rocket combustion, scaling effects vii viii PREFACE relevant to hybrid motors, practical applications, and challenges for continued advancements in the hybrid rocket field. Fifteen chapters, all peer-reviewed by expertsinthis area,comprise thisvolume. Whileit isby nomeans comprehen- sive,wehopethatthistextwillserveasausefulspringboardforfuture research anddevelopmenteffortsbyindustrial,government,andacademicscientistsand engineerssothattheoutstandingfeaturesofhybridrocketswillbefullyrealized. MartinJ. Chiaverini KennethK. Kuo December 2006 Acknowledgements Thepublicationofthisvolumewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecon- tributions of a large number of individuals. First, we sincerely thank all the chapterauthorsfortheirgreateffortsinpreparingandrevisingtheirmanuscripts. Inanefforttocreatesynergyamongthechapters,manyauthorsalsovolunteered toreviewchaptersthatfellwithintherangeoftheir expertise. Theseeffortsare greatly appreciated. In addition, many other individuals deserve recognition for contributing their time and talents in providing chapter reviews, including Timothy Barber, Joshua Batterson, Gre´goire Casalis, Millicent Coil, Eric Dauenhauer, Paul Gloyer, Erin Halpenny, Dale Jackson, Darren Kearney, Tim Knowles, Peter Kostka, William Knuth, Brian Maicke, Charles Martin, Erin Muldoon, Arie Peretz, Marvin Rocker, Tony Saad, Arthur Sauer, Kim Story, Prem Venugopal, Anand Vyas, and Brian Wygle. Many members of the hybrid propulsion community and AIAA Hybrid Rocket Technical Committee offered valuable suggestions for developing the content of this volume. These individuals include Terry Abel, Brian Cantwell, Scott Claflin, Robert Frederick, Steve Frolik, Robert Geisler, George Hating, Benveniste Natan, Andrew Prince, John Remen, Eric Rohrbaugh, and Brett Williams. WealsowishtothankRodgerS.Williams,AlexMcCray,andJaniceSaylorof the AIAA for their invaluable assistance and support in the preparation of this volume. Martin Chiaverini would also like to thank his wife, Jennifer, and sons, Nicholas and Michael, for their love andsupportduring this endeavor. KennethKuowouldalsoliketothankhiswife,Olivia,anddaughters,Phyllis and Angela, for their caring and encouragement during this book preparation. ix