Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

701 Pages·2010·53.205 MB·English

by  Cinnamon Vanputte

Fundamantals of Human
AAnnaattoommyy
(For B. Pharmacy and Allied
Clinical Science Courses)
&
PPhhyyssiioollooggyy
SSeevveenntthh eeddiittiioonn
Cinnamon VanPutte
Southwestern Illinois College
Jennifer Regan
Jones County Junior College
Andy Russo
University of Iowa

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DEDICATION
This text is dedicated to our families. Without their uncompromising
support and love, this effort would not have been possible.
Our spouses and children have been more than patient while we’ve
spent many nights at the computer surrounded by mountains of books.
We also want to acknowledge and dedicate this edition to the previous
authors as we continue the standard of excellence that they have set
for so many years. For each of us, authoring this text is a culmination of
our passion for teaching and represents an opportunity to pass
knowledge on to students beyond our own classrooms; this has all been
made possible by the support and mentorship we in turn have received
from our teachers, colleagues, friends, and family.
Andrew F. Russo Cinnamon L. VanPutte Jennifer L. Regan
Professor of Molecular Associate Professor of Biology Instructor
Physiology and Biophysics Southwestern Illinois College Jones County Junior College
University of Iowa
Cinnamon has been teaching biology and For the past ten years, Jennifer has taught
Andrew has 20 years of classroom experience human anatomy and physiology for almost introductory biology, human anatomy and
with human physiology, neurobiology, two decades. At Southwestern Illinois College physiology, and genetics at the university
molecular biology, and cell biology courses at she is a full-time faculty member and the and community college level. She has
the University of Iowa. He is a recipient of the coordinator for the anatomy and physiology received the Instructor of the Year Award at
Collegiate Teaching Award and is currently the courses. Cinnamon is an active member of both the departmental and college level
course director for Medical Cell Biology and several professional societies, including the while teaching at USM. In addition, she has
Director of the Biosciences Graduate Program. Human Anatomy & Physiology Society. Her been recognized for her dedication to
He is also a member of several professional Ph.D. in Zoology, with an emphasis in teaching by student organizations such as
societies, including the American endocrinology, is from Texas A&M University. the Alliance for Graduate Education in
Physiological Society and the Society for She worked in Dr. Duncan MacKenzie’s lab, Mississippi and Increasing Minority Access to
Neuroscience. Andrew received his Ph.D. in where she was indoctrinated in the major Graduate Education. Jennifer has dedicated
Biochemistry from the University of California principles of physiology and the importance much of her career to improving lecture and
at Berkeley. His research interests are focused of critical thinking. The critical thinking laboratory instruction at her institutions.
on the molecular neurobiology of migraine. component of Seeley’s Essentials of Human Critical thinking and lifelong learning are two
His decision to join the author team for Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology epitomizes characteristics Jennifer hopes to instill in her
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology is Cinnamon’s passion for the field of human students. She appreciates the Seeley
the culmination of a passion for teaching that anatomy and physiology; she is committed to approach to learning and is excited about
began in graduate school. He is excited about maintaining this tradition of excellence. contributing to further development of the
the opportunity to hook students’ interest in Cinnamon loves to spend time helping to textbook. She received her Ph.D. in biology at
learning by presenting cutting-edge clinical coach her daughter, Savannah, in soccer, the University of Houston, under the
and scientific advances. Andy is married to watching her son, Ethan, doing karate, and direction of Edwin H. Bryant and Lisa M.
Maureen, a physical therapist, and has three taking walks with her husband, Robb. Meffert. She is an active member of several
daughters Erilynn, Becky, and Colleen, now in professional organizations, including the
college and graduate school. He enjoys all Human Anatomy and Physiology Society.
types of outdoor sports, especially bicycling, During her free time, Jennifer enjoys
skiing, ultimate Frisbee and, before moving to spending time with her husband, Hobbie,
Iowa, bodyboard surfing. and two sons, Patrick and Nicholas.
iv
Chapter 1 The Human Organism 1
Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 20
Chapter 3 Cell Structures and Their Functions 42
Chapter 4 Tissues 71
Chapter 5 Integumentary System 95
Chapter 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Joints 111
Chapter 7 Muscular System 151
Chapter 8 Nervous System 192
Chapter 9 Senses 2 38
Chapter 10 Endocrine System 262
Chapter 11 Blood 291
Chapter 12 Heart 312
Chapter 13 Blood Vessels and Circulation 344
Chapter 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 379
Chapter 15 Respiratory System 406
Chapter 16 Digestive System 437
Chapter 17 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation 472
Chapter 18 Urinary System and Fluid Balance 496
Chapter 19 Reproductive System 526
Chapter 20 Development, Heredity, and Aging 558
v
Preface to the Seventh Edition xi
Guided Tour xvi
Chapter 1 Inorganic Chemistry 31 Chapter 4
The Human Organism 1 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 31 Tissues 71
Water 31
Anatomy 2 Epithelial Tissue 72
Organic Chemistry 32
Physiology 2 Carbohydrates 32 F Culanscstifiio cnast ioofn E opfi tEhpeitlihae l ia 7 2 72
Structural and Functional Organization Lipids 33 Structural and Functional
of the Human Body 2 Proteins 35 Relationships 76
Chemical Level 2 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA 38 Glands 78
Cell Level 2 Adenosine Triphosphate 38
Connective Tissue 79
Tissue Level 3
Organ Level 3 Functions of Connective Tissue 80
Organ System Level 3 Chapter 3 Classifi cation of Connective
Organism Level 5 Cell Structures and Their Tissue 80
Functions 42 Muscle Tissue 84
Characteristics of Life 6
Homeostasis 7 Cell Structures 43 Nervous Tissue 87
Negative Feedback 7 Functions of the Cell 44 Membranes 87
Positive Feedback 7 Mucous Membranes 88
Cell Membrane 44
Terminology and the Body Plan 10 Serous Membranes 88
B ody Positions 10 Movement Through the Cell Synovial Membranes 88
Membrane 45
Directional Terms 10 Tissue Damage and Inflammation 89
Diff usion 45
Body Parts and Regions 10 Chronic Infl ammation 89
Osmosis 47
Planes 12 Carrier-Mediated Transport Tissue Repair 90
Body Cavities 15
Serous Membranes 16 Mechanisms 49 Effects of Aging on Tissues 92
Endocytosis and
Exocytosis 51
Chapter 2 Organelles 53 Chapter 5
The Chemical Basis Nucleus 53
Integumentary System 95
of Life 20 Ribosomes 53
Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Functions of the Integumentary
Basic Chemistry 21 Reticulum 54 System 96
Matter, Mass, and Weight 21 Golgi Apparatus 54 Skin 96
H E A Elltyeeodmcmrtoreiocgnn etSssnt raa uBnncoddtn uCAdrhteso e mm 22sic 42a l 2 B1o nding 22 S L M Cyeyiscttoooresscotkhoemorlnyee tdsVo reaniasn i dc l e 5P 5s7e6 r o x5i4so mes 54 E DS pkeiirndm eCirosm lo isr9 7 9968
Molecules and Compounds 25 Centrioles 57 Hypodermis 100
Dissociation 25 Cilia, Flagella, and Accessory Skin Structures 100
Chemical Reactions 26 Microvilli 57 Hair 100
Classifi cation of Chemical Whole-Cell Activity 59 Glands 101
Reactions 26 Gene Expression 59 Nails 101
Reversible Reactions 28 Cell Life Cycle 61 Physiology of the Integumentary
Energy and Chemical Reactions 28 Diff erentiation 63 System 102
Rate of Chemical Reactions 29 Systems Pathology: Cystic Protection 102
Acids and Bases 30 Fibrosis 66 S ensation 102
The pH Scale 30 Vitamin D Production 102
Salts 31 Apoptosis 66 Temperature Regulation 102
Buff ers 31 Cellular Aspects of Aging 67 Excretion 104
vi
Contents vii
Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Muscles of the Head and Neck 167 Cranial Nerves 224
Aid 104 Trunk Muscles 172 Autonomic Nervous System 227
Burns 104 Upper Limb Muscles 176 Anatomy of the Sympathetic
Lower Limb Muscles 182
Skin Cancer 105 Division 227
Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 187 Anatomy of the Parasympathetic
Systems Pathology: Burns 106 Systems Pathology: Duchenne Muscular Division 227
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary Dystrophy 188 Autonomic Neurotransmitters 229
System 108 Functions of the Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Divisions of the
Chapter 6 Chapter 8 ANS 229
Skeletal System: Bones Nervous System 192 Enteric Nervous System 230
and Joints 111
Functions of the Nervous Effects of Aging on the Nervous
Functions of the Skeletal System 193 System 230
System 112 Divisions of the Nervous System 193 Systems Pathology: Stroke 232
Extracellular Matrix 112 Cells of the Nervous System 194
Chapter 9
General Features of Bone 113 Neurons 194
Structure of a Long Bone 113 Neuroglia 195 Senses 238
Histology of Bone 113 Myelin Sheaths 195 General Senses 239
Bone Ossifi cation 115 Organization of Nervous Tissue 196 Pain 240
Bone Growth 116 Electrical Signals and Neural
B one Remodeling 117 Pathways 198 Special Senses 241
Bone Repair 119 Resting Membrane Potential 198 Olfaction 241
Bone and Calcium Homeostasis 119 A ction Potentials 199 Neuronal Pathways for Olfaction 241
General Considerations of Bone The Synapse 201 Taste 242
Anatomy 121 Refl exes 203 Neuronal Pathways for Taste 242
Neuronal Pathways 204
Axial Skeleton 122 Vision 242
Skull 122 Central and Peripheral Nervous Accessory Structures of the Eye 243
Vertebral Column 127 Systems 206 Anatomy of the Eye 244
Thoracic Cage 130 Spinal Cord 206 Functions of the Eye 249
Appendicular Skeleton 131 Spinal Cord Refl exes 208 Neuronal Pathways for Vision 249
Pectoral Girdle 131 Spinal Nerves 208 Hearing and Balance 251
Upper Limb 132 Brain 211 Anatomy and Function of the Ear 251
P Loewlviecr GLiimrdble 113365 B Crearienbsetellmum 2 12113 H B Naeelauarrnioncnega l P22a5t5h54w ays for Hearing 255
Joints 140 Diencephalon 213 Neuronal Pathways for Balance 256
Fibrous Joints 140 Cerebrum 214
Cartilaginous Joints 140 Sensory Functions 215 Effects of Aging on the Senses 258
Synovial Joints 141 Ascending Tracts 215
Types of Movement 143 Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 216 Chapter 10
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System Motor Functions 216 Endocrine System 262
and Joints 145 Motor Areas of the Cerebral Functions of the Endocrine
Systems Pathology: Osteoporosis 146 Cortex 217 System 263
Descending Tracts 217 Chemical Signals 263
Chapter 7 Basal Nuclei 218
Hormones 265
Muscular System 151 Cerebellum 218
Chemistry of Hormones 265
Functions of the Muscular Other Brain Functions 220
Receptors 266
System 152 Communication Between the Right and
Receptor Types for Hormones 266
Left Hemispheres 220
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle 152 Receptor Responses 266
Speech 220
Skeletal Muscle Structure 153 Brain Waves and Consciousness 220 Regulation of Hormone Secretion 268
Excitability of Muscle Fibers 153
Nerve Supply 157 Memory 221 Endocrine Glands and Their
Muscle Contraction 158 Limbic System 221 Hormones 269
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Pituitary and Hypothalamus 269
Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle 165
Fluid 222 T hyroid Gland 275
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy 166 Meninges 222 P arathyroid Glands 276
General Principles 166 Ventricles 222 A drenal Glands 278
Nomenclature 167 Cerebrospinal Fluid 222 Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes 281
viii Contents
Testes and Ovaries 285 Cardiac Cycle 328 Chapter 14
Thymus 285 Heart Sounds 331 The Lymphatic System and
Pineal Gland 285 Immunity 379
Regulation of Heart Function 332
Systems Pathology: Graves Disease
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart 332 Functions of the Lymphatic
(Hyperthyroidism) 286
Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart 332 System 380
Other Hormones 286
Systems Pathology: Myocardial Anatomy of the Lymphatic System 380
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine Infarction 338 Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels 380
System 288 Effects of Aging on the Heart 340 Lymphatic Organs 380
Overview of the Lymphatic System 384
Chapter 11 Immunity 386
Chapter 13
Blood 291 Innate Immunity 386
Blood Vessels and
Functions of Blood 292 Circulation 344 Physical Barriers 386
Chemical Mediators 386
Composition of Blood 292
Functions of the Circulatory White Blood Cells 386
Plasma 292 System 345 Infl ammatory Response 387
Formed Elements 294 General Features of Blood Vessel Adaptive Immunity 388
Production of Formed Elements 294 Structure 345 Origin and Development of
Red Blood Cells 294 Arteries 345 Lymphocytes 389
White Blood Cells 298 Capillaries 347 Activation and Multiplication of
Platelets 299 Veins 347 Lymphocytes 390
Preventing Blood Loss 299 Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Antibody-Mediated Immunity 392
Vascular Spasm 299 Circulation 348 Cell-Mediated Immunity 395
Platelet Plugs 300 Acquired Immunity 397
Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation:
Blood Clotting 301 Active Natural Immunity 398
Arteries 348
Blood Grouping 303 Aorta 348 Active Artifi cial Immunity 398
ABO Blood Group 303 Arteries of the Head and Neck 352 Passive Natural Immunity 398
Rh Blood Group 305 Arteries of the Upper Limbs 353 Passive Artifi cial Immunity 398
Diagnostic Blood Tests 306 Thoracic Aorta and Its Branches 354 Overview of Immune Interactions 398
Type and Crossmatch 306 Abdominal Aorta and Immunotherapy 398
Complete Blood Count 306 Its Branches 354 Systems Pathology: Systemic Lupus
Diff erential White Blood Count 307 Arteries of the Pelvis 356 Erythematosus 400
Clotting 307 Arteries of the Lower Limbs 356
B lood Chemistry 308 Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic
System and Immunity 400
Veins 356
Chapter 12 Veins of the Head and Neck 356
Veins of the Upper Limbs 356 Chapter 15
Heart 312
Veins of the Thorax 356 Respiratory System 406
Functions of the Heart 313 Veins of the Abdomen
Size, Form, and Location of the and Pelvis 359 Functions of the Respiratory
Heart 313 Veins of the Lower Limbs 360 System 407
The Physiology of Circulation 361 Anatomy of the Respiratory
Anatomy of the Heart 314
P Exetreicranradli Aumna to m31y4 314 B P Pruloelsosesdu P Prreree asssnsudur reRe e s i3s3t66a42n ce 363 Sy N Pshotaseremy n x 4 0 4 70 4 70 9
HeaArnt aCthoammyb e r 3s 1a6n d Internal Capillary Exchange 365 L Traarcyhnexa 440190
Heart Valves 318 Control of Blood Flow in Tissues 366 Bronchi 412
Route of Blood Flow Through the Local Control of Blood Flow 366 Lungs 413
Heart 320 Nervous and Hormonal Control of Blood Pleural Cavities 414
Blood Supply to the Heart 321 Flow 367 Lymphatic Supply 415
Histology of the Heart 322 Regulation of Arterial Pressure 368
Ventilation and Respiratory
Heart Wall 322 Baroreceptor Refl exes 368 Volumes 416
Cardiac Muscle 322 Chemoreceptor Refl exes 369 Changing Thoracic Volume 416
Electrical Activity of the Heart 324 H ormonal Mechanisms 371 Pressure Changes and Airfl ow 417
Action Potentials in Cardiac Summary of Regulatory Lung Recoil 419
Muscle 324 Mechanisms 373 Changing Alveolar Volume 419
Conduction System of the Heart 325 Effects of Aging on the Blood Respiratory Volumes and
Electrocardiogram 326 Vessels 373 Capacities 420
Contents ix
Gas Exchange 421 Lipids 462 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 518
Respiratory Membrane Thickness 422 Proteins 464 Buff ers 518
Surface Area 422 Water and Minerals 465 Respiratory System 519
Partial Pressure 422 Effects of Aging on the Digestive Kidneys 519
Gas Transport in the Blood 424 System 465 Acidosis and Alkalosis 519
Oxygen Transport 424 Systems Pathology: Diarrhea 466 Systems Pathology: Acute Renal
Carbon Dioxide Transport and Failure 520
Blood pH 424
Rhythmic Breathing 424 Chapter 17 Chapter 19
Respiratory Areas in the Brainstem 424 Nutrition, Metabolism, Reproductive System 526
Generation of Rhythmic and Body Temperature
Breathing 426 Regulation 472 Functions of the Reproductive
Nervous Control of Breathing 426 System 527
Chemical Control of Breathing 427 Nutrition 473 Formation of Gametes 527
Eff ect of Exercise on Breathing 429 NK iulotrciaelnotrsie s 4 7437 4 Male Reproductive System 528
Systems Pathology: Asthma 430 Carbohydrates 474 Scrotum 528
Respiratory Adaptations to Lipids 474 Testes 530
Exercise 430 Proteins 477 Spermatogenesis 530
EffeScytsst eomf A g i4n3g3 o n the Respiratory V M Diatinailmey rVianalsslu e s44 77 974 79 D P Geluancnitsds s 5 53 53231 4
Secretions 535
Chapter 16 Metabolism 481
Digestive System 437 Regulation of Metabolism 482 Physiology of Male Reproduction 535
C arbohydrate Metabolism 483 Regulation of Sex Hormone
Functions of the Digestive Lipid Metabolism 486 Secretion 535
System 438 Protein Metabolism 486 Puberty in Males 537
Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive Metabolic States 486 Eff ects of Testosterone 537
System 438 Metabolic Rate 487 Male Sexual Behavior and the Male
Peritoneum 439 Body Temperature Regulation 491 Sex Act 537
Infertility in Males 539
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and
Female Reproductive System 539
Esophagus 440
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity 440 Chapter 18 Ovaries 540
Saliva 443 Urinary System and Fluid Oogenesis and Fertilization 540
Mastication 444 Balance 496 Uterine Tubes 543
Pharynx 444 Uterus 543
Esophagus 444 Functions of the Urinary Vagina 543
Swallowing 444 System 497 External Genitalia 544
Anatomy of the Kidneys 497 Mammary Glands 544
Stomach 446
Anatomy of the Stomach 446 Arteries and Veins 502 Physiology of Female
Reproduction 545
Secretions of the Stomach 448 Urine Formation 502
Regulation of Stomach Secretions 448 Filtration 503 Puberty in Females 545
Movement in the Stomach 450 Tubular Reabsorption 504 Menstrual Cycle 546
Small Intestine 451 Tubular Secretion 508 M Feemnaolpea Suesxeu a l 5B4e8h avior and the Female
Anatomy of the Small Intestine 451 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Sex Act 549
Secretions of the Small Intestine 452 Volume 509 Infertility in Females 549
Movement in the Small Intestine 453 H ormonal Mechanisms 510
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive
Absorption in the Small Intestine 453 Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters,
System 552
Liver and Pancreas 453 Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 513
Systems Pathology: Benign Uterine
Anatomy of the Liver 453 Urine Movement 514
Functions of the Liver 455 Body Fluid Compartments 514 Tumors 553
Anatomy of the Pancreas 457
Composition of the Fluid in the Body
Functions of the Pancreas 458 Fluid Compartments 516 Chapter 20
Large Intestine 459 Exchange Between Body Fluid Development, Heredity,
Anatomy of the Large Intestine 459 Compartments 516 and Aging 558
Functions of the Large Intestine 460 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Prenatal Development 559
Digestion, Absorption, and Composition 516 Fertilization 559
Transport 460 Thirst Regulation 516 Early Cell Division 559
Carbohydrates 461 Ion Concentration Regulation 517 Blastocyst 561
x Contents
Implantation of the Blastocyst and Chromosomes 579 ∑ Determination of RBC Count
Development of the Placenta 561 Genes 579 ∑ Total WBC Count
Maternal Hormonal Changes 563 Genetic Disorders 582
∑ Differential Leucocyte Count
Formation of the Germ Layers 564 Genetic Counseling 582
Neural Tube and Neural Crest ∑ Experimental Physiology
Formation 565 ∑ Routine Laboratory Techniques
Formation of the General Body Appendices ∑ Pregnancy Diagnostic Tests
Structure 566
Development of the Organ ∑ Family Planning
A Some Key Terminologies ANI
Systems 566 E Table of Measurements A-16
Concepts A-1
Growth of the Fetus 567
F Some Reference Laboratory Values A-17
Parturition 572 B Disorders of Organ System A-3
G Solution Concentrations A-22
The Newborn 574 C Frequently Asked Examination
Respiratory and Circulatory Questions A-5 H Answers to Critical Thinking
Changes 574 Questions A-23
Digestive Changes 576 D Practical Sessions A-7
Lactation 576 ∑ Determination of Blood Group I Answers to Predict
Questions A-33
First Year Following Birth 577 ∑ Determination of Bleeding Time
Life Stages 577 ∑ Determination of Clotting Time Glossary G-1
The Aging Process 577 ∑ Measurement of Blood Pressure Credits C-1
Death 578 ∑ Estimation of Haemoglobin Index I-1
Genetics 579