Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering - From Electromagnetics to Power Systems

542 Pages·2014·22.082 MB·English

by  MASSIMO CERAOLO, DAVIDE POLI

FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRIC POWER
ENGINEERING
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRIC POWER
ENGINEERING
From Electromagnetics to
Power Systems
MASSIMO CERAOLO
DAVIDE POLI
Copyright2014byThe InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.
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Ceraolo,Massimo.
Fundamentalsofelectricpowerengineering:engineering:from
electromagneticstopowersystems/MassimoCeraolo,DavidePoli.
pagescm
Summary:“Coverstopicssuchas:circuits,electricalmachinesanddrives,
powerelectronics,powersystembasics.newgenerationtechnologies”–
Providedbypublisher.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-67969-2(hardback)
1. Electricpowersystems. I.Poli,Davide. II.Title.
TK1001.C4442014
621.31–dc23
2013044541
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.
Albert Einstein

CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS xix
PARTI PRELIMINARYMATERIAL 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 TheScopeofElectricalEngineering, 3
1.2 ThisBook’sScopeandOrganization, 7
1.3 InternationalStandardsandTheirUsageinThisBook, 8
1.3.1 InternationalStandardizationBodies, 8
1.3.2 TheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI), 9
1.3.3 GraphicSymbolsforCircuitDrawings, 11
1.3.4 Names,Symbols,andUnits, 13
1.3.5 OtherConventions, 15
1.4 SpecificConventionsandSymbolsinThisBook, 15
1.4.1 BoxesAroundText, 16
1.4.2 GrayedBoxes, 16
1.4.3 Terminology, 17
1.4.4 Acronyms, 17
1.4.5 ReferenceDesignations, 18
vii
viii CONTENTS
2 TheFundamentalLawsofElectromagnetism 19
2.1 VectorFields, 20
2.2 DefinitionofEandB;Lorentz’sForceLaw, 22
2.3 Gauss’sLaw, 25
2.4 Ampère’sLawandChargeConservation, 26
2.4.1 MagneticFieldandMatter, 31
2.5 Faraday’sLaw, 32
2.6 Gauss’sLawforMagnetism, 35
2.7 ConstitutiveEquationsofMatter, 36
2.7.1 GeneralConsiderations, 36
2.7.2 ContinuousChargeFlowAcrossConductors, 36
2.8 Maxwell’sEquationsandElectromagneticWaves, 38
2.9 HistoricalNotes, 40
2.9.1 ShortBiographyofFaraday, 40
2.9.2 ShortBiographyofGauss, 40
2.9.3 ShortBiographyofMaxwell, 41
2.9.4 ShortBiographyofAmpère, 41
2.9.5 ShortBiographyofLorentz, 41
PARTII ELECTRICCIRCUITCONCEPTANDANALYSIS 43
3 CircuitsasModellingTools 45
3.1 Introduction, 46
3.2 Definitions, 48
3.3 ChargeConservationandKirchhoff’sCurrentLaw, 50
3.3.1 TheChargeConservationLaw, 50
3.3.2 ChargeConservationandCircuits, 51
3.3.3 TheElectricCurrent, 53
3.3.4 FormulationsofKirchhoff’sCurrentLaw, 55
3.4 CircuitPotentialsandKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw, 60
3.4.1 TheElectricFieldInsideConductors, 60
3.4.2 FormulationsofKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw, 64
3.5 SolutionofaCircuit, 65
3.5.1 DeterminingLinearlyIndependentKirchhoffEquations
(Loop-CutsMethod), 66
3.5.2 ConstitutiveEquations, 68
3.5.3 NumberofVariablesandEquations, 70
3.6 TheSubstitutionPrinciple, 73
3.7 Kirchhoff’sLawsinComparisonwithElectromagnetismLaws, 75
3.8 PowerinCircuits, 76
3.8.1 Tellegen’sTheoremandEnergyConservationLawinCircuits, 78
3.9 HistoricalNotes, 80
3.9.1 ShortBiographyofKirchhoff, 80
3.9.2 ShortBiographyofTellegen, 80
CONTENTS ix
4 TechniquesforSolvingDCCircuits 83
4.1 Introduction, 84
4.2 ModellingCircuitalSystemswithConstantQuantitiesasCircuits, 84
4.2.1 TheBasicRule, 84
4.2.2 Resistors:Ohm’sLaw, 87
4.2.3 Idealand“Real”VoltageandCurrentSources, 89
4.3 SolvingTechniques, 91
4.3.1 BasicUsageofCombinedKirchhoff-ConstitutiveEquations, 92
4.3.2 NodalAnalysis, 95
4.3.3 MeshAnalysis, 98
4.3.4 SeriesandParallelResistors;Star/DeltaConversion, 99
4.3.5 VoltageandCurrentDivision, 103
4.3.6 LinearityandSuperposition, 105
4.3.7 Thévenin’sTheorem, 107
4.4 PowerandEnergyandJoule’sLaw, 112
4.5 MoreExamples, 114
4.6 ResistiveCircuitsOperatingwithVariableQuantities, 120
4.7 HistoricalNotes, 121
4.7.1 ShortBiographyofOhm, 121
4.7.2 ShortBiographyofThévenin, 121
4.7.3 ShortBiographyofJoule, 122
4.8 ProposedExercises, 122
5 TechniquesforSolvingACCircuits 131
5.1 Introduction, 132
5.2 EnergyStorageElements, 132
5.2.1 PowerinTime-VaryingCircuits, 133
5.2.2 TheCapacitor, 133
5.2.3 InductorsandMagneticCircuits, 136
5.3 ModellingTime-VaryingCircuitalSystemsasCircuits, 140
5.3.1 TheBasicRule, 140
5.3.2 ModellingCircuitalSystemsWhenInducedEMFsBetweenWiresCannot
BeNeglected, 145
5.3.3 MutualInductorsandtheIdealTransformer, 146
5.3.4 SystemsContainingIdealTransformers:MagneticallyCoupled
Circuits, 150
5.4 SimpleR–LandR–CTransients, 152
5.5 ACCircuitAnalysis, 155
5.5.1 SinusoidalFunctions, 155
5.5.2 Steady-StateBehaviourofLinearCircuitsUsingPhasors, 156
5.5.3 ACCircuitPassiveParameters, 163
5.5.4 ThePhasorCircuit, 164
5.5.5 CircuitsContainingSourceswithDifferentFrequencies, 169
5.6 PowerinACCircuits, 171
5.6.1 Instantaneous,Active,Reactive,andComplexPowers, 171
5.6.2 CircuitsContainingSourcesHavingDifferentFrequencies, 177
x CONTENTS
5.6.3 ConservationofComplex,Active,andReactivePowers, 178
5.6.4 PowerFactorCorrection, 180
5.7 HistoricalNotes, 184
5.7.1 ShortBiographyofBoucherot, 184
5.8 ProposedExercises, 184
6 Three-PhaseCircuits 191
6.1 Introduction, 191
6.2 FromSingle-PhasetoThree-PhaseSystems, 192
6.2.1 ModellingThree-PhaseLinesWhenInducedEMFsBetweenWiresAre
NotNegligible, 198
6.3 TheSingle-PhaseEquivalentoftheThree-PhaseCircuit, 200
6.4 PowerinThree-PhaseSystems, 202
6.5 Single-PhaseFeedingfromThree-PhaseSystems, 206
6.6 HistoricalNotes, 209
6.6.1 ShortBiographyofTesla, 209
6.7 ProposedExercises, 209
PARTIII ELECTRICMACHINESANDSTATICCONVERTERS 213
7 MagneticCircuitsandTransformers 215
7.1 Introduction, 215
7.2 MagneticCircuitsandSingle-PhaseTransformers, 215
7.3 Three-PhaseTransformers, 225
7.4 MagneticHysteresisandCoreLosses, 227
7.5 Open-CircuitandShort-CircuitTests, 230
7.6 PermanentMagnets, 233
7.7 ProposedExercises, 235
8 FundamentalsofElectronicPowerConversion 239
8.1 Introduction, 239
8.2 PowerElectronicDevices, 240
8.2.1 Diodes,Thyristors,ControllableSwitches, 240
8.2.2 TheBranchApproximationofThyristorsandControllableSwitches, 242
8.2.3 Diodes, 243
8.2.4 Thyristors, 246
8.2.5 Insulated-GateBipolarTransistors(IGBTs), 248
8.2.6 SummaryofPowerElectronicDevices, 250
8.3 PowerElectronicConverters, 251
8.3.1 Rectifiers, 251
8.3.2 DC–DCConverters, 257
8.3.3 Inverters, 264
8.4 AnalysisofPeriodicQuantities, 276
8.4.1 Introduction, 276