Fundamentals of Biochemistry

557 Pages·2009·21.39 MB·English

Fundamentals of
Biochemistry
A Textbook
H.P.GAJERA
Assistant Professor
Deparbnent of Biochemistry
College of Agriculture
Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh, Gujarat, India - 362 001
S.V.PATEL
Associate Research Scientist
Deparbnent of Biochemistry
College of Agriculture
Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh, Gujarat, India - 362 001
B. A. GOLAKIYA
Professor & Head
Deparbnent of Biochemistry
College of Agriculture
Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh, Gujarat, India - 362 001
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First Edition 2008
ISBN: 978-81-8189-165-5
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Dr. B. K. Kikani Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh-362001
Vice-chancellor
FOREWORD
Biochemistry is a gateway of all the branches of life science. It's a field of enormous
interest and utility. Biochemistry is a study of the molecule of life. Our
understanding of the molecular nature of life is growing at an incredible rate. It
is difficult to embody all the information related to this subject in a single collection.
If at all it has been done than the user will be discouraged by its volume. It is than
even more tough task to encapsulate huge bulk of literature in a small handy
book. This effort is done by our team in the Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh
Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
The tools of biochemistry have been used to explain biological processes such as
origin of life, cell development, cell differentiation, metapolisms, energy dynamics,
origin and cause of diseases and even human behaviors. The principles of
biochemistry are now reaching into chemistry, the health sciences, nutrition,
agriculture, physiology, immunology, neurology, cell biology, biotechnology,
nanotechnology, ecology, computer science and psychology. Not only the
biochemistry expanding; other disciplines are using the tools of biochemistry to
solve their unique problem. Thus biochemistry is seated at the core of other
branches of science.
This particular branch is engaged in understanding the nature and properties of
the life throbbing around us. It is at the threshold where non living biomolecules
through some intricate forces starts dancing while getting alive; and we call it a
living being. This science has yet to fill up a knowledge gap about secret of life
itself.
This text book is a distillation of the years of experiences of our faculty members
affiliated with teaching and research. Hopefully a complete grasp of the principle
of biochemistry can be obtained by simply reading this book. This collection
entitled FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY: A TEXTBOOK will cater the
need of a large segment of people who have a scientific bend.
Date: 20/06/2007
Place: Junagadh (B.K.Kikani)

Junagadh Agricultural University
Dr. D. B. Kuchhadiya
Junagadh- 362 001
Director of Research and
Dean P.G. Studies
PREFACE
As such the subject of Biochemistry is vast in its content. Its a tough task to pack
up it in a single volume. While preparing a brief note of this subject our faculty
members worked for more than 12 hours in a day behind each and every chapter
even at final stage. They summarized the content without loosing the essense of
the concept. I found it beautifully narrated with 145 figures & photographs, 30
tables containing total 322 text pages.
While reading any subject our mind do summarize its major points. This book has
been able to develop as a ready reckoner. Its my pleasure that our faculty mambers
are mastering the art of scientific writing. There is vacume in the area of lucid
and lucrative scientific documentation. If we want to propagate the scientific
knowledge we should present it in a more simple form, in a pictorial and
diagrammatic manner. It should be more graphical and photographica1. I think
our team working at the Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department of Junagadh
Agricultural University has to some extent fulfilled the above contention while
preparing this book entitled "FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY: A
TEXTBOOK" .
I have no doubt that this collection will be appreciated by the students, teachers,
researchers and professionals dealing with biosciences.
Date: 20/06/2007
Place: Junagadh (D.B.Kuchhadiya)
v

CONTENTS
Sr. No Topics Page No
1. Introduction 1
Origin of Life 1
The Elements of Life 3
Biomolecules to Cell 5
Cells and Organells 7
Water 16
History of Biochemistry 20
2. Carbohydrates 43
Nature and Nomenclature 43
Classification of Carbohydrates 44
Monosaccharides 44
Oligosaccharides 54
Storage Polysachharides 58
Structural Polysachharides 61
Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates 67
3. Lipids and membranes 77
Classification of Lipids 77
Fatty Acids 78
Simple Lipids 80
Compound Lipids 82
Properties of Fat 88
Constants of Fats and Oils 89
Biological Membranes 91
4. Nucleic acids 113
Nucleic Acids Building Blocks 113
Nucleotide Composition 115
Types and Functions of Nucleic Acids 115
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids 115
Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids 116
Complementarity 118
DNA and Inheritance 122
5. Amino acids and proteins 139
Chemistry of Amino Acids 139
Classification of Amino Acids 145
Essential Amino Acids 146
vii
Properties of Amino Acids 146
Peptides 148
Classification of Proteins 148
Conformation of Proteins 154
Physical and Chemical Properties of Proteins 161
Myoglobin and Hemoglobin 162
Allosterism and Regulation 166
6. Enzymes and Kinetics 181
Characteristics of Enzymes 181
Classification of Enzymes 182
Cofactor 184
Mechanism of Enzyme Action 185
Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibitors 187
Isoenzymes 196
Enzyme Regulation 196
7. Vitamins and Co-enzymes 225
Fat soluble Vitamins 225
Water Soluble Vitamins 226
Co-enzymes 227
8. Introduction to Metabolism 257
Metabolism Pathways 257
Characteristics of Path ways 257
Organic Reaction in Metabolisms 258
Thermodynamicas in Metabolism 259
9. Carbohydrate Metabolism 275
Glycolysis 276
Gluconeogenesis 292
Pyruvate Metabolism 295
Kreb's TCA Cycle 297
Glycogen Metabolism 303
Pentose Phosphate Pathway 308
Mytochondrial Electron Transport System 312
Mitochondrial T ransport/ Comunica tion 316
10. Lipid metabolism 343
Oxidation of Fatty Acids 345
Ketone Bodies Metabolism 351
Fatty acid Biosynthesis 357
viii
Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis 364
Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism 365
11. Nucleic acid metabolism 379
Purine Metabolism 379
Pyrimidine Metabolism 383
RNA Synthesis 386
DNA Synthesis 397
12. Amino acid and Protein metabolism 427
Protein Catabolism 427
Amino Acid Metabolism 428
Urea Cycle 432
Protein Synthesis 439
Protein Metabolism and Nitrogen Economy 450
13. Photosynthesis 467
The Chloroplast 467
Light Reaction of Photosynthesis 470
Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis 478
Photorespirat ion 482
14. General Biochemistry Glossry 501
15. Suggested Readings 535
16. Common Important Abbreviations 537
17. Index 545
ix