Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology PDF
Preview Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 2 1/29/15 11:13 AM Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 1 1/29/15 11:13 AM Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 2 1/29/15 11:13 AM Donald C. Rizzo, PhD Professor Emeritus Marygrove College Detroit, Michigan Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 3 1/29/15 11:13 AM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 2 1/29/15 11:13 AM Fundamentals of Anatomy and © 2016, 2010 Cengage Learning Physiology, Fourth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Donald C. Rizzo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein SVP, GM Skills & Global Product Management: may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Dawn Gerrain graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Product Team Manager: Matthew Seeley recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section Senior Director, Development: Marah 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written Bellegarde permission of the publisher. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 4 1/29/15 11:13 AM Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv To the Learner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv Learning Supplements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii To the Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix The Learning Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxii How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii 1 Introduction 3 Terms of Direction 4 Planes 5 CHAPTER Cavities 5 The Human Body Structural Units 6 Homeostasis 13 Summary Outline 14 Review Questions 15 2 Introduction 17 Atomic Structure 18 Elements, Isotopes, Compounds 18 CHAPTER Bonds and Energy 20 The Chemistry of Life Common Substances in Living Systems 21 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Molecular Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Mineral Salts/Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Adenosine Triphosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Movement of Materials into and out of Cells 28 Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Summary Outline 33 Review Questions 36 Laboratory Exercise: The Chemistry of Life 37 v Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 5 2/6/15 12:58 PM 3 Introduction 39 History of the Cell Theory 41 Anatomy of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell 42 CHAPTER The Cell Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Cell Structure Cytoplasm of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 The Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Nuclear Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Nucleoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chromatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Nucleolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Endoplasmic Reticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 The Rough or Granular ER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Agranular or Smooth ER . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Golgi Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Centrioles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Cilia and Flagella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Plastids of Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 The Cell Wall of Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Summary Outline 52 Review Questions 54 Laboratory Exercise: Cell Structure 56 4 Introduction to Cellular Metabolism 62 Cellular Metabolism or Biochemical Respiration 62 Glycolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 CHAPTER The Krebs Citric Acid Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Cellular Metabolism The Electron Transport (Transfer) System . . . . . . . .64 Summary of ATP Production during Glycolysis, and Reproduction: the Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport . . . . .66 Mitosis and Meiosis Anaerobic Respiration 66 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Anaerobic Production of ATP by Muscles . . . . . . . .67 Production of ATP from General Food Compounds 67 Summary of ATP Production from One Glucose Molecule 68 Introduction to Cellular Reproduction 68 The Structure of the DNA Molecule 69 The History of the Discovery of DNA . . . . . . . . . .69 The Anatomy of the DNA Molecule . . . . . . . . . . .71 vi Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 6 1/29/15 11:13 AM The Cell Cycle 74 Interphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Prophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Metaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Anaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Telophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Meiosis: A Reduction Division 76 The Stages of Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Prophase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Metaphase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Anaphase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Telophase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Prophase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Metaphase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Anaphase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Telophase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Gametogenesis: The Formation of the Sex Cells 80 A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 80 Summary Outline 86 Review Questions 90 Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Metabolism 91 Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Reproduction 91 5 Introduction 94 Epithelial Tissue 94 Classification Based on Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 CHAPTER Classification Based on Arrangement . . . . . . . . . .94 Tissues Classification Based on Function . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Connective Tissue 97 Loose Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Dense Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Specialized Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Connective Tissue Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Muscle Tissue 104 Nervous Tissue 106 Summary Outline 107 Review Questions 109 Laboratory Exercise: Tissues 110 vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 7 1/29/15 11:13 AM 6 Introduction 113 The Layers of the Skin 113 CHAPTER The Epidermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Stratum Corneum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 The Integumentary The Stratum Lucidum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 The Stratum Granulosum . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 System The Stratum Spinosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 The Stratum Germinativum . . . . . . . . . . . .117 The Dermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 The Accessory Structures of the Skin 118 Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Hair Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Hair Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Hair Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Sebaceous Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Sweat Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Functions of the Integumentary System 124 Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Thermoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Summary Outline 131 Review Questions 133 Laboratory Exercise: The Integumentary System 135 7 Introduction 138 The Functions of the Skeletal System 138 The Growth and Formation of Bone 138 CHAPTER Deposition of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Skeletal Types of Ossification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Maintaining Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 System The Histology of Bone 143 The Haversian System of Compact Bone . . . . . . . 143 Cancellous Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Bone Marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 The Classification of Bones Based on Shape 145 Long Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Short Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Flat Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Irregular Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Sesamoid Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 viii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 74150_fm_ptg01_i-xxvi.indd 8 1/29/15 11:13 AM
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