Fundamentals of aerodynamics

1154 Pages·2017·15.44 MB·English

by  Anderson

John Anderson
Fundamentals of
Aerodynamics
S I XTH E D ITION
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Sixth Edition
JohnD.Anderson,Jr.
McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN AERONAUTICAL AND
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
T
heWrightbrothersinventedthefirstpracticalairplaneinthefirstdecade
of the twentieth century. Along with this came the rise of aeronautical
engineering as an exciting, new, distinct discipline. College courses in
aeronautical engineering were offered as early as 1914 at the University of
Michigan and at MIT. Michigan was the first university to establish an aero-
nauticsdepartmentwithafour-yeardegree-grantingprogramin1916;by1926it
hadgraduatedoveronehundredstudents.Theneedforsubstantivetextbooksin
variousareasofaeronauticalengineeringbecamecritical.Risingtothisdemand,
McGraw-Hillbecameoneofthefirstpublishersofaeronauticalengineeringtext-
books, starting with Airplane Design and Construction by Ottorino Pomilio in
1919, and the classic and definitive text Airplane Design: Aerodynamics by the
iconicEdwardP.Warnerin1927.Warner’sbookwasawatershedinaeronautical
engineeringtextbooks.
Sincethen,McGraw-Hillhasbecomethetime-honoredpublisherofbooksin
aeronauticalengineering.Withtheadventofhigh-speedflightafterWorldWarII
and the space program in 1957, aeronautical and aerospace engineering grew
to new heights. There was, however, a hiatus that occurred in the 1970s when
aerospace engineering went through a transition, and virtually no new books in
the field were published for almost a decade by anybody. McGraw-Hill broke
this hiatus with the foresight of its Chief Engineering Editor, B.J. Clark, who
wasinstrumentalinthepublicationofIntroductiontoFlightbyJohnAnderson.
First published in 1978, Introduction to Flight is now in its 8th edition. Clark’s
bold decision was followed by McGraw-Hill riding the crest of a new wave of
studentsandactivityinaerospaceengineering,anditopenedtheflood-gatesfor
newtextbooksinthefield.
In 1988, McGraw-Hill initiated its formal series in Aeronautical and
Aerospace Engineering, gathering together under one roof all its existing texts
in the field, and soliciting new manuscripts. This author is proud to have been
made the consulting editor for this series, and to have contributed some of the
titles.Startingwitheightbooksin1988,theseriesnowembraces24bookscov-
eringabroadrangeofdisciplineinthefield.Withthis,McGraw-Hillcontinues
its tradition, started in 1919, as the premier publisher of important textbooks in
aeronauticalandaerospaceengineering.
JohnD.Anderson,Jr.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Sixth Edition
JohnD.Anderson,Jr.
CuratorofAerodynamics
NationalAirandSpaceMuseum
SmithsonianInstitution
and
ProfessorEmeritus
UniversityofMaryland
FUNDAMENTALSOFAERODYNAMICS,SIXTHEDITION
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Names: Anderson,JohnD.,Jr.(JohnDavid),1937- author.
Title: Fundamentalsofaerodynamics/JohnD.Anderson,Jr.
Description:Sixthedition. | NewYork,NY : McGraw-HillEducation,[2017] |
Series: McGraw-Hillseriesinaeronauticalandaerospaceengineering |
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers: LCCN2015040997| ISBN9781259129919 (alk.paper) | ISBN
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JohnD.Anderson,Jr.,wasborninLancaster,Pennsylvania,onOctober1,1937.
HeattendedtheUniversityofFlorida,graduatingin1959withhighhonorsand
a bachelor of aeronautical engineering degree. From 1959 to 1962, he was a
lieutenant and task scientist at the Aerospace Research Laboratory at Wright-
PattersonAirForceBase.From1962to1966,heattendedtheOhioStateUniver-
sityundertheNationalScienceFoundationandNASAFellowships,graduating
withaPh.D.inaeronauticalandastronauticalengineering.In1966,hejoinedthe
U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory as Chief of the Hypersonics Group. In 1973,
he became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Uni-
versityofMaryland,andsince1980hasbeenprofessorofAerospaceEngineer-
ing at the University of Maryland. In 1982, he was designated a Distinguished
Scholar/TeacherbytheUniversity.During1986–1987,whileonsabbaticalfrom
the University, Dr. Anderson occupied the Charles Lindbergh Chair at the Na-
tionalAirandSpaceMuseumoftheSmithsonianInstitution.Hecontinuedwith
theAirandSpaceMuseumonedayeachweekastheirSpecialAssistantforAero-
dynamics,doingresearchandwritingonthehistoryofaerodynamics.Inaddition
to his position as professor of aerospace engineering, in 1993, he was made a
fullfacultymemberoftheCommitteefortheHistoryandPhilosophyofScience
and in 1996 an affiliate member of the History Department at the University of
Maryland.In1996,hebecametheGlennL.MartinDistinguishedProfessorfor
EducationinAerospaceEngineering.In1999,heretiredfromtheUniversityof
MarylandandwasappointedProfessorEmeritus.HeiscurrentlytheCuratorfor
AerodynamicsattheNationalAirandSpaceMuseum,SmithsonianInstitution.
Dr.Andersonhaspublished11books:GasdynamicLasers:AnIntroduction,
Academic Press (1976), and under McGraw-Hill, Introduction to Flight (1978,
1984,1989,2000,2005,2008,2012,2016),ModernCompressibleFlow(1982,
1990, 2003), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (1984, 1991, 2001, 2007, 2011),
HypersonicandHighTemperatureGasDynamics(1989),ComputationalFluid
Dynamics: The Basics with Applications (1995), Aircraft Performance and De-
sign (1999), A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines,
CambridgeUniversityPress(1997hardback,1998paperback),TheAirplane:A
History of Its Technology, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
(2003),InventingFlight,JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress(2004),andX-15,The
World’sFastestRocketPlaneandthePilotsWhoUsheredintheSpaceAge,with
co-author Richard Passman, Zenith Press in conjunction with the Smithsonian
Institution (2014). He is the author of over 120 papers on radiative gasdynam-
ics,reentryaerothermodynamics,gasdynamicandchemicallasers,computational
fluiddynamics,appliedaerodynamics,hypersonicflow,andthehistoryofaero-
nautics.Dr.AndersonisamemberoftheNationalAcademyofEngineering,and
v
vi AbouttheAuthor
isinWho’sWhoinAmerica.HeisanHonoraryFellowoftheAmericanInstitute
ofAeronauticsandAstronautics(AIAA).HeisalsoafellowoftheRoyalAero-
nauticalSociety,London.HeisamemberofTauBetaPi,SigmaTau,PhiKappa
Phi,PhiEtaSigma,TheAmericanSocietyforEngineeringEducation,theHistory
ofScienceSociety,andtheSocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology.In1988,hewas
elected as Vice President of the AIAA for Education. In 1989, he was awarded
theJohnLelandAtwoodAwardjointlybytheAmericanSocietyforEngineering
Education and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics “for the
lastinginfluenceofhisrecentcontributionstoaerospaceengineeringeducation.”
In 1995, he was awarded the AIAA Pendray Aerospace Literature Award “for
writing undergraduate and graduate textbooks in aerospace engineering which
havereceivedworldwideacclaimfortheirreadabilityandclarityofpresentation,
includinghistoricalcontent.”In1996,hewaselectedVicePresidentoftheAIAA
for Publications. He has recently been honored by the AIAA with its 2000 von
KarmanLectureshipinAstronautics.
From1987tothepresent,Dr.Andersonhasbeentheseniorconsultingeditor
ontheMcGraw-HillSeriesinAeronauticalandAstronauticalEngineering.
CONTENTS
PrefacetotheSixthEdition XV 1.13 HistoricalNote:TheIllusiveCenter
ofPressure 89
1.14 HistoricalNote:Aerodynamic
1 Coefficients 93
PART 1.15 Summary 97
Fundamental Principles 1
1.16 IntegratedWorkChallenge:Forward-Facing
AxialAerodynamicForceonanAirfoil—
Chapter1 CanItHappenand,IfSo,How? 98
1.17 Problems 101
Aerodynamics:SomeIntroductory
Thoughts 3
1.1 ImportanceofAerodynamics:Historical Chapter2
Examples 5
Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental Principles
1.2 Aerodynamics:ClassificationandPractical andEquations 105
Objectives 11
2.1 IntroductionandRoadMap 106
1.3 RoadMapforThisChapter 15
2.2 ReviewofVectorRelations 107
1.4 SomeFundamentalAerodynamic
2.2.1 SomeVectorAlgebra 108
Variables 15
2.2.2 TypicalOrthogonalCoordinate
1.4.1 Units 18
Systems 109
1.5 AerodynamicForcesandMoments 19
2.2.3 ScalarandVectorFields 112
1.6 CenterofPressure 32
2.2.4 ScalarandVectorProducts 112
1.7 DimensionalAnalysis:TheBuckingham
2.2.5 GradientofaScalarField 113
PiTheorem 34
2.2.6 DivergenceofaVectorField 115
1.8 FlowSimilarity 41
2.2.7 CurlofaVectorField 116
1.9 FluidStatics:BuoyancyForce 52
2.2.8 LineIntegrals 116
1.10 TypesofFlow 62
2.2.9 SurfaceIntegrals 117
1.10.1ContinuumVersusFreeMolecule
Flow 62 2.2.10VolumeIntegrals 118
1.10.2InviscidVersusViscousFlow 62 2.2.11RelationsBetweenLine,Surface,
andVolumeIntegrals 119
1.10.3IncompressibleVersusCompressible
Flows 64 2.2.12Summary 119
2.3 ModelsoftheFluid:ControlVolumesand
1.10.4MachNumberRegimes 64
FluidElements 119
1.11 ViscousFlow:IntroductiontoBoundary
Layers 68 2.3.1 FiniteControlVolumeApproach 120
1.12 AppliedAerodynamics:TheAerodynamic 2.3.2 InfinitesimalFluidElement
Coefficients—TheirMagnitudesand Approach 121
Variations 75 2.3.3 MolecularApproach 121
vii
viii Contents
2.3.4 PhysicalMeaningoftheDivergence 3.4 PitotTube:MeasurementofAirspeed 226
ofVelocity 122 3.5 PressureCoefficient 235
2.3.5 SpecificationoftheFlowField 123 3.6 ConditiononVelocityforIncompressible
2.4 ContinuityEquation 127 Flow 237
2.5 MomentumEquation 132 3.7 GoverningEquationforIrrotational,
2.6 AnApplicationoftheMomentumEquation: IncompressibleFlow:Laplace’s
DragofaTwo-DimensionalBody 137 Equation 238
2.6.1 Comment 146 3.7.1 InfinityBoundaryConditions 241
2.7 EnergyEquation 146 3.7.2 WallBoundaryConditions 241
2.8 InterimSummary 151 3.8 InterimSummary 242
2.9 SubstantialDerivative 152 3.9 UniformFlow:OurFirstElementary
2.10 FundamentalEquationsinTermsofthe Flow 243
SubstantialDerivative 158 3.10 SourceFlow:OurSecondElementary
2.11 Pathlines,Streamlines,andStreaklines Flow 245
ofaFlow 160 3.11 CombinationofaUniformFlowwitha
2.12 AngularVelocity,Vorticity,andStrain 165 SourceandSink 249
2.13 Circulation 176 3.12 DoubletFlow:OurThirdElementary
Flow 253
2.14 StreamFunction 179
3.13 NonliftingFlowoveraCircular
2.15 VelocityPotential 183
Cylinder 255
2.16 RelationshipBetweentheStreamFunction
3.14 VortexFlow:OurFourthElementary
andVelocityPotential 186
Flow 264
2.17 HowDoWeSolvetheEquations? 187
3.15 LiftingFlowoveraCylinder 268
2.17.1Theoretical(Analytical)Solutions 187
3.16 TheKutta-JoukowskiTheoremandthe
2.17.2NumericalSolutions—Computational
GenerationofLift 282
FluidDynamics(CFD) 189
3.17 NonliftingFlowsoverArbitraryBodies:
2.17.3TheBiggerPicture 196
TheNumericalSourcePanelMethod 284
2.18 Summary 196
3.18 AppliedAerodynamics:TheFlowovera
2.19 Problems 200
CircularCylinder—TheRealCase 294
3.19 HistoricalNote:BernoulliandEuler—The
2
OriginsofTheoreticalFluid
PART Dynamics 302
Inviscid,IncompressibleFlow 203
3.20 HistoricalNote:d’AlembertandHis
Paradox 307
Chapter3
3.21 Summary 308
FundamentalsofInviscid,Incompressible
3.22 IntegratedWorkChallenge:Relation
Flow 205
BetweenAerodynamicDragandtheLossof
3.1 IntroductionandRoadMap 206 TotalPressureintheFlowField 311
3.2 Bernoulli’sEquation 209 3.23 IntegratedWorkChallenge:Conceptual
DesignofaSubsonicWindTunnel 314
3.3 IncompressibleFlowinaDuct:TheVenturi
andLow-SpeedWindTunnel 213 3.24 Problems 318
Contents ix
Chapter4 Chapter5
IncompressibleFlowoverAirfoils 321 IncompressibleFlowoverFiniteWings 423
4.1 Introduction 323 5.1 Introduction:DownwashandInduced
4.2 AirfoilNomenclature 326 Drag 427
4.3 AirfoilCharacteristics 328 5.2 TheVortexFilament,theBiot-SavartLaw,
andHelmholtz’sTheorems 432
4.4 PhilosophyofTheoreticalSolutionsfor
Low-SpeedFlowoverAirfoils:The 5.3 Prandtl’sClassicalLifting-Line
VortexSheet 333 Theory 436
4.5 TheKuttaCondition 338 5.3.1 EllipticalLiftDistribution 442
4.5.1 WithoutFrictionCouldWe 5.3.2 GeneralLiftDistribution 447
HaveLift? 342 5.3.3 EffectofAspectRatio 450
4.6 Kelvin’sCirculationTheoremandthe 5.3.4 PhysicalSignificance 456
StartingVortex 342 5.4 ANumericalNonlinearLifting-Line
4.7 ClassicalThinAirfoilTheory:The Method 465
SymmetricAirfoil 346 5.5 TheLifting-SurfaceTheoryandtheVortex
4.8 TheCamberedAirfoil 356 LatticeNumericalMethod 469
4.9 TheAerodynamicCenter:Additional 5.6 AppliedAerodynamics:TheDelta
Considerations 365 Wing 476
4.10 LiftingFlowsoverArbitraryBodies:The 5.7 HistoricalNote:Lanchesterand
VortexPanelNumericalMethod 369 Prandtl—TheEarlyDevelopmentof
4.11 ModernLow-SpeedAirfoils 375 Finite-WingTheory 488
4.12 ViscousFlow:AirfoilDrag 379 5.8 HistoricalNote:Prandtl—TheMan 492
4.12.1EstimatingSkin-FrictionDrag: 5.9 Summary 495
LaminarFlow 380 5.10 Problems 496
4.12.2EstimatingSkin-FrictionDrag:
TurbulentFlow 382
Chapter6
4.12.3Transition 384
Three-DimensionalIncompressibleFlow 499
4.12.4FlowSeparation 389
4.12.5Comment 394 6.1 Introduction 499
4.13 AppliedAerodynamics:TheFlowoveran 6.2 Three-DimensionalSource 500
Airfoil—TheRealCase 395
6.3 Three-DimensionalDoublet 502
4.14 HistoricalNote:EarlyAirplaneDesignand
6.4 FlowoveraSphere 504
theRoleofAirfoilThickness 406
6.4.1 CommentontheThree-Dimensional
4.15 HistoricalNote:Kutta,Joukowski,andthe
RelievingEffect 506
CirculationTheoryofLift 411
6.5 GeneralThree-DimensionalFlows:Panel
4.16 Summary 413 Techniques 507
4.17 IntegratedWorkChallenge:WallEffectson 6.6 AppliedAerodynamics:TheFlowovera
MeasurementsMadeinSubsonicWind Sphere—TheRealCase 509
Tunnels 415
4.18 Problems 419