Table Of Content

FUNDAMENTALS OF ' GRAMMAR Third Edition - , i'f: ,I v-nk7 6th A mw e. Betty Schrampfer Azar FUNDAMENTALS OF G R a m R Third Edition LONGMAN ON THE WEB Visit us at longman.com for online resources for teachers and students. For the Azar Companion Website, visit longmanxom/gmmmanxchanga. Longman English Success (englishsucnrsxom) offers online courses covering General English, Business English, and Exam Preparation. FUNDAMENTALS OF NGL GRAMMAR Third Edition with Answer Key Betty Schrampfer Azar Fundament& of English Grammsr,Third Edition . . q' WithAnawerKey &.$@*i,, *,l -1.1 ~.:>,i' .> ,;;; ,v. :- Copyright O 2003,1992,1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar .:. . . ,. 25. .:, , All rights reserved. ,:A--. i . ;. ':r.~~, No part of this publication may be reproduced, 8 ~..? &,j;- &, 'f" ' sinto arneyd fino ram r eotrr ibeyv aaln syy smteeman, so, re tlreacntrsomniitct,e md echanical, b.i .?*&5 ... 'e :@. . : 8 ; photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior penniesion of the publisher. Azar Associates Shelley Hanle, Editor&& Susan Van Etten, Menage Pcmon Education, 10 Bank Street,White Plains, lyy 1 Vice president, director of publishing: A-l len As Editorial manager: Pam Fishman - -- Proien manager: Margo Grant Development editor: Janet Johnston a*. - "*:i'.g Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker Director of electronic production: Executive managing edi~orL: inda Production manager: Ray Keating Production editor: Robert Ruvo Director of manufacturing: Pauice Fraccio SCeonvieorr d mesaingunf:a Mctounriinkga bPuoypeor:w Eitdz ie Pullman .. . . , ; ' J.I ti ?. .. ... ..i : Illustrations: Don Martinetti ' Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd. Text font 10.5112 Plantin Library of Congx-ess has cataloged the student book as follows: Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941- Fundamentals of Eng-lish g.ramm ar / Betty S.ch?raymypf$er Azar.-3rd ed. p. cm. .;-* , , -. .., .- ; .r :-,A~.' - ign speakers. 2. English languagmar-Problems, e-x ercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128 .A965 2002 , -:: . ISBN: 0-13-049447-X( with Answer Key) Printed in the United States of America 567891O-CRK-060504 ................................................. Preface to the Third Edition xiil ........ Acknowledgments Chapter 1 PRESENT TlME ...................... 1-1 The simple present and the present progressive 4 ................ 1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive 4 ............................................ 1-3 Frequencyadverbs 9 ................................................... 1-4 Final-8 12 ........................................ 1-5 Spelling of final -81-es 13 ............................................ 1-6 Non-action verbs 17 ..................... 1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions 19 Chapter 2 PAST TlME ....... ............... Expressing past time: the simple past 25 ............................ Forms of the simple past: regular verbs 26 .................................... Forms of the simple past: be 26 ........................ Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 28 .................................. Spelling of -ing and -ed forms 29 .................................... The principal parts of a verb 32 .................................. Irregular verbs: a reference list 33 .......................... The simple past and the past progressive 39 ................................... Forms of the past progressive 39 ........................... Expressing past time: using time clauses 48 ............ Expressing past habit: used to 52 Chapter 3 FUTURE TlME ....................... Expressing future time: be going to and will 56 ....................................... Formswithbsgoingto 56 ............................................. FormswithwiU 59 ...................................... Sureness about the future 60 .......................................... Bsgoingtovs.wil1 63 .................. Expressing the future in time clauses and $-clauses 65 .................. Using the present progressive to express future time 70 ..................... Using the simple present to express future time 73 ............................. Immediate future: using be about to 74 ............................................... Parallelverbs 76 Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT .: . .+ . . I ....i; ............................................... 4-1 Past participle 84 .................................... 4-2 Forms of the present perfect 85 ................................. 4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 86 4-4 Simple past vs . present perfect .................................. 87 ................... ...................... 4-5 U~ing~meandfor ; 95 ..................................... 4-6 Present perfect progressive 98 . ...................... 4-7 kesent perfect progressive vs present perfect 100 ......................... 4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore 102 4 9 Pastperfect .~. ... ............................................ 112 chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS .............................. Yedno questions and short answers 121 ....................... Yedno questions and information questions 123 ............................ Whore. why. when. and what time 124 ........................ Questions with who. who(m). and what 125 ................ Spoken and written contractions with question words 128 + ................................... Usingwhat aformofdo 130 ......................................... Using what kind of 132 .............................................. Usingwhich 133 .............................................. Usingwhose 135 ................................................ Usinghow 138 ........................................... Usinghowofin 139 ............................................. Usinghowjkr 140 + ......................... Length of time: it ta&e and how long 141 ..................................... More questions with how 143 ............................. Using how about and what about 149 .............................................. Tagquestions 152 Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ................................... il:~ 6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es 157 c. ? 6-2 Plural forms of nouns ........................................ 158 .. .................................... . . . . . . . 6-3 Subjects. verbs. and objects 159 ....................................... 6-4 Objects of prepositions 161 ......................................... 6-5 Prepositions of time 163 .................................... 6-6 Word order: place and time 164 ...................................... 6-7 Subject-verb agreement 165 ............................... 6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns 166 ..................................... 6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 168 .......................... 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 171 ............................................ 6-1 1 Possessive nouns 173 .............................. 6- 12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 176 .......................................... 6-13 Reflexivepmnouns 178 . .................... 6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs the other 181 . ................... 6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs the other(s) 183 6-16 Summary of forms of other ............................. . . 186 Vlll CONTENTS Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES ......... ..................... 7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries 190 7-2 Expressing ability: can and could ............................... 191 7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might Expressing permission: may and can ............................ 193 ............................... 7-4 Using could to express possibility 195 .......................... 7-5 Polite questions: may I. could I. can I 197 .......... 7-6 Polite questions: wouldyou. couldyou. willyou. can you 199 ......................... 7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to 202 ................................. 7-8 Expressing advice: had better 203 .................. 7-9 Expressing necessity: have to. haw got to. must 206 7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not haw to ............................... Expressing prohibition: must not 207 . . 7-11 Making logical conclusions: must .............................. 210 ......................... 7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences 213 . . ......................... . 7-13 Making suggestions: let's and wh.y. .d on't 215 ,.I .' ~. 7-14 Stating preferences: prefer. lliko better. would rather ............ 218 Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS .................................... 8-1 Connecting ideas with and 226 .............................. 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or 228 ?? ..................................... 8-3 Connecting ideas with so 230 .......................... . . 8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and 233 + ........................... 8-5 Using and too. so. either. noifher 235 XI* . . . . 8-6 Connecting ideas with because ................................ 239 . .7 : . . . 8-7 Connecting ideas with men thoughlalthough .................... 241 Chapter 9 COMPARISONS ... ............................. 9-1 Making comparisons with as as 248 ................................... 9-2 Comparative and superlative 252 .i:. .. 9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs ..........2 53 .................................... 9-4 Completing a comparative 257 ...................................... 9-5 Modifying comparatives 258 . ... ... . 9-6 Comparisons with less than and not as as .................. 259 18. . 9-7 Unclear comparisons ........................................ 260 ... . 9-8 Using more with nouns ...................................... 261 . , .. 9-9 Repeating a comparative ...................................... 262 .................................... ..kit 9-10 Using double comparatives 263 ........................................... [PC. . 9-1 1 Using superlatives 265 .. ................... . < 9-12 Using the same. similar. d#-t. like. alike 271 . .. Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE .. .!. ! I I - , . , ........................... 10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences 276 ......................................... 10-2 Form of the passive 277 ................................ 10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 280 ......................................... 10-4 Using the by-phrase 282 10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive ................ 287 ...................................... 10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries 288 .................. 10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) 292 I>. 10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs . -ing ...............................2 97 + + ............................ 10-9 Get adjective;get past participle 300 10-10 Using be usedlaccustomedto and get usedlaccustomed to .........3 03 ....................................... 10-11 Usedtovs .bousedto 305 ....................................... 10-12Usingbear~edto 307 Chapter 11 COUNTINONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES .................................................. 11-1 Avs.an 312 ... ................................... ., ?. . 11-2 Countandnoncou.n.tn.o.u.n..s .................................... 313 11-3 Noncountnouns 314 ....................................... 11-4 Morenoncountnouns 315 ............. 11-5 Using several, a lot of, manylmuch, and afowla little 318 ............................ 11-6 Nouns that can be count or noncount 322 ...................... . .. .- . 11-7 Using units of measure with .n.o.n.c.o.u.n.t .n.o.u.n.s .......................3 24 ; 11-8 Guidelines for article usage 326 .................................... 11-9 Using the or 0 with names 338 .............................................. 11-10 Capitalization 339 Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ................................. 12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction 343 ........................ 12-2 Using who and whom in adjective clauses 344 ................. 12-3 Using who. who(m). and that in adjective clauses 347 ........................ 12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses 348 ...................... 12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses 354 ........................... 12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses 355 ............................... 12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses 359 Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES + ............................................. 13-1 Verb gerund 368 ................................................ 13-2 Go+-ing 372 ............................................ 13-3 Verb+infinitive 373 + .................................... 13-4 Verb gerund or infinitive 374 + ........................................ 13-5 Preposition gerund 381 ................ 13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done 384 + ..................... 13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it infinitive 387 + ............................. 13-8 It infinitive: usingjor (someone) 388 ...................... 13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for . 391 13-10 Using infinj.tLvej.*& too and enough ...............A!.,. ......... 394 .. Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES . ...; 7 4.1 1:: j... 3 .................................... 14-1 Noun clauses: introduction 403 ...................... 14-2 Noun clauses that begin with a question word 404 + ...................... 14-3 Noun clauses with who. what. whose be 407 ....................... 14-4 Noun clauses that begin with ifor whether 409 X CONTENTS .............................. 14-5 Noun clauses that begin with that 414 .................................... 14-6 Other uses of that-clauses 415 .......... 14-7 Substituting so for a that-clause in conversational responses 418 .............. .............................. 14-8 Quoted speech 420 ; 14-9 Quoted speech vs . reported speech .............................4.22 ................................. 14-10 Verb forms in reported speech 423 .... . 1411 Common reporting verbs: tell, ask. answsrlrepZy .425 APPENDIX 1 PHRASALVERBS .................................... Al-1 Phrasal verbs: introduction 432 ..................................... A1-2 Phrasal verbs: intransitive 443 ..................................... A1-3 Three-word phrasal verbs 446 .................................. A1-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list 449 APPENDIX 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS .......................... A2-1 Preposition combiiations: introduction 453 ......................... A2-2 Preposition combinations: a reference list 463 ............................................................. ANSWERKEY 465 ........ ... INDEX INDEX 1 Preface to the Third Edition Fundamentals of English Grammar is a developmental skills text for lower-intermediate and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign language. It combines clear and understandable grammar information with a variety of exercises and activities. FundammtaLF of English Gmmmar is the second in a series of three texts: Bmic English .. , Gmmmar (red cover), Fundamentak ofEnglish Grammar (black cover), and Understanding and Using English Grammar (blue cover). .I The principal aims of all three texts in this series are to present clear, cogent information about English grammar and usage, to provide extensive and varied practice that encourages growth in all areas of language use, and to be interesting, useful, and fun for student and teacher alike. The approach is eclectic, with the texts seeking to balance form-focused language-learning activities with abundant opportunities for engaged and purposeful communicative interaction. The new editions of the texts in the Azar Grammar Series include these changes: The communicative aspects are more fully developed and explicit in the third editions. This edition of Fundamentals of English Grammar includes a greatly increased number of "real communication" opportunites for the teacher to exploit. The text often uses the students' own life experiences as context and regularly introduces topics of interest to stimulate the free expression of ideas in structured as well as open discussions. The Azar Grammar Series texts support the view of many experienced teachers that grammar-based and communicative approaches are not murually exclusive, but rather mutually supportive, and can advantageously co-exist in the same language program, even in the same class, even in the same lesson. Similarly, the interactive aspects of the texts receive greater emphasis in the third editions. Many of the exercises formerly designated ORAL or ORAL (BOOKSC LOSED) are now reformatted to be more clearly available for pair work or group work, in addition to still being viable as class work led by a teacher. This edition of FundammtaLF of English Gmmmar encourages interactivity but leaves it open for the users to decide what degree of interactivity best suits their needs. There is now an even wider variety of exercise types. This edition has a much larger number of free-response exercises and open-ended communicative tasks, while still providing ample controlled-response exercises to aid initial understanding of the form, meaning, and usage of the target structures. It also includes more writing topics, more speaking activities, new error-analysis exercises in every chapter, and . xiii