Fundamentals and Applications of Renewable Energy

413 Pages·2019·32.379 MB·English

by  Mehmet Kanoglu, Yunus Cengel, John Cimbala

Fundamentals and Applications of
Renewable Energy
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Fundamentals and Applications of
R e n e wa b l e E n e rg y
MEHMET KANOĞLU
University of Gaziantep
YUNUS A. ÇENGEL
University of Nevada, Reno
JOHN M. CIMBALA
The Pennsylvania State University
New York Chicago San Francisco
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About the Authors
Mehmet Kanoğlu is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Gaziantep.
He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and
his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from University of Nevada, Reno. His
research areas include renewable energy systems, energy efficiency, refrigeration systems,
gas liquefaction, hydrogen production and liquefaction, geothermal energy, and cogeneration.
He is the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference papers.
Dr. Kanoğlu has taught courses at University of Nevada, Reno, University of Ontario
Institute of Technology, American University of Sharjah, and University of Gaziantep.
He is the coauthor of the books Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2019), Refrigeration Systems and Applications (2nd ed., Wiley, 2010), and
Efficiency Evaluation of Energy Systems (Springer, 2012).
Dr. Kanoğlu has served as an instructor in certified energy manager training programs
and as an expert for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for renewable
energy and energy efficiency projects. He instructed numerous training courses and gave
lectures and presentations on renewable energy systems and energy efficiency. He has also
served as advisor for state research funding organizations and industrial companies.
Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of
Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical
University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State
University. His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy policies,
heat transfer enhancement, and engineering education. He served as the director of the
Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000.
He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern
Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conser-
vation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. He has also
served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations.
Dr. Çengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Thermodynamics:
An Engineering Approach (9th ed., 2019), Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications (6th ed., 2020), Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed.,
2018), Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (5th ed., 2017), and Differential Equations
for Engineers and Scientists (2013), all published by McGraw-Hill Education. Some of his
textbooks have been translated into Chinese (long and short forms), Japanese, Korean,
Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, Greek, Tai, and Basq.
Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the
ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and
again in 2000. Dr. Çengel is a registered professional engineer in the State of Nevada, and
is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American
Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University
(Penn State), University Park, P.A. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Penn
State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology (CalTech).
He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in 1984. His research areas include
experimental and computational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence
modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air quality, and air pollution control. Professor Cimbala
completed sabbatical leaves at NASA Langley Research Center (1993–1994), where he
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advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and at Weir American
Hydro (2010–2011), where he performed CFD analyses to assist in the design of hydro
turbines.
Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of four other textbooks: Indoor Air Quality Engineering:
Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), published by Marcel-Dekker,
Inc.; Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed., 2018), Essentials of Fluid
Mechanics (2008); and Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (5th ed., 2017), all pub-
lished by McGraw-Hill Education. He has also contributed to parts of other books, and is
the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference papers. He has also recently
ventured into writing novels. More information can be found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala.
Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and views his
book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member and Fellow of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He is also a member of the American
Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS).
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Contents
Preface xi 2-6 Heat Engines and Power Plants 58
Thermal Efficiency 60
Overall Plant Efficiency 62
CHAPTER 1 2-7 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 63
Introduction to Renewable Energy 1 References 65
Problems 65
1-1 Why Renewable Energy? 1
Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion 5 CHAPTER 3
Renewable Energy Sources 7 Fundamentals of Solar Energy 77
1-2 Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy 9
Coal 9 3-1 Introduction 77
Oil 11 3-2 Radiation Fundamentals 77
Natural Gas 12 Blackbody Radiation 80
Nuclear Energy 13 3-3 Radiative Properties 84
Electricity 15 Emissivity 85
References 15 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and
Problems 15 Transmissivity 85
The Greenhouse Effect 88
CHAPTER 2 3-4 Solar Radiation 89
A Review of Thermal Sciences 19 3-5 Solar Data 96
References 99
2-1 Thermal Sciences 19
Problems 99
2-2 Thermodynamics 19
Heat and Other Forms of Energy 20 CHAPTER 4
Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids,
Solar Energy Applications 105
and Solids 21
Energy Transfer 23 4-1 Introduction 105
The First Law of Thermodynamics 24 4-2 Flat-Plate Solar Collector 106
Energy Balance for Closed Systems 25 4-3 Concentrating Solar Collector 111
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 25 4-4 Solar-Power-Tower Plant 114
Saturation Temperature and Saturation 4-5 Solar Pond 117
Pressure 27 4-6 Photovoltaic Cell 118
2-3 Heat Transfer 29 4-7 Passive Solar Applications 123
Conduction Heat Transfer 29 Trombe Wall 124
Thermal Conductivity 31 Solar Heat Gain through Windows 124
Convection Heat Transfer 35 References 131
Radiation Heat Transfer 37 Problems 131
2-4 Fluid Mechanics 41
CHAPTER 5
Viscosity 42
Wind Energy 139
Pressure Drop in Fluid Flow in Pipes 44
2-5 Thermochemistry 49 5-1 Introduction 139
Fuels and Combustion 49 5-2 Wind Turbine Types and Power Performance
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Curve 140
Processes 51 5-3 Wind Power Potential 143
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of 5-4 Wind Power Density 145
Combustion 52 5-5 Wind Turbine Efficiency 147
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 55 Betz Limit for Wind Turbine Efficiency 148
vii
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viii Contents
5-6 Considerations in Wind Power 8-6 Solid Municipality Waste 250
Applications 153 References 255
References 157 Problems 255
Problems 158
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 6 Ocean Energy 261
Hydropower 163
9-1 Introduction 261
6-1 Introduction 163 9-2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 261
6-2 Analysis of a Hydroelectric Power 9-3 Wave Energy 265
Plant 165 Power Production from Waves 266
6-3 Impulse Turbines 173 Wave Power Technologies 270
6-4 Reaction Turbines 177 9-4 Tidal Energy 272
6-5 Turbine Specific Speed 185 References 277
6-6 Run-of-River Plants and Problems 277
Waterwheels 186
CHAPTER 10
References 189
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 281
Problems 189
10-1 Hydrogen: An Energy Carrier 281
CHAPTER 7
10-2 Fuel Cells 286
Geothermal Energy 195
Thermodynamic Analysis of
7-1 Introduction 195 Fuel Cells 289
7-2 Geothermal Applications 197 References 297
7-3 Geothermal Heating 198 Problems 297
Degree-Day Method for Annual Energy
CHAPTER 11
Consumption 200
Economics of Renewable Energy 301
7-4 Geothermal Cooling 205
Absorption Cooling System 205 11-1 Engineering Economics 301
7-5 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems 208 11-2 The Time Value of Money 302
Heat Pump Systems 209 Effect of Inflation and Taxation on Interest
Ground-Source Heat Pump Rate 305
Systems 210 11-3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 306
7-6 Geothermal Power Production 215 Cost-Benefit Analysis 306
7-7 Geothermal Cogeneration 226 Unit Product Cost 309
References 230 Comparison of Projects Based on
Problems 230 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 309
11-4 Payback Period Analysis 311
CHAPTER 8
References 313
Biomass Energy 243
Problems 313
8-1 Introduction 243
CHAPTER 12
8-2 Biomass Resources 243
Energy and the Environment 319
8-3 Conversion of Biomass to
Biofuel 244 12-1 Introduction 319
8-4 Biomass Products 245 12-2 Air Pollutants 321
Ethanol 245 Particulate Matter 324
Biodiesel 246 Sulfur Dioxide 325
Methanol 246 Nitrogen Oxides 329
Pyrolysis Oil 247 Hydrocarbons 331
Biogas 247 Carbon Monoxide 332
Producer Gas 248 Ozone, Smog, and Acid
Synthesis Gas 248 Rain 333
8-5 Electricity and Heat Production by 12-3 Emissions from Automobiles 336
Biomass 249 Catalytic Converters 339
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Contents ix
12-4 The Greenhouse Effect 342 APPENDIX 1
CO Production 344 Property Tables (SI Units) 359
2
12-5 Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion 350 APPENDIX 2
12-6 Nuclear Waste 351 Property Tables (English Units) 371
References 352
INDEX 385
Problems 353
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