Table Of Content

List of Applications Subject-Matter Area Reference Pages Morphine Tolerance and Context Siegel (1975) 4 Social Desirability and Eating Pliner & Chaiken (1990) 32 Moon Illusion Kaufman & Rock (1962) 32, 100, 317 Cigarette Consumption and Health Landwehr & Watkins (1987) 34 Perception of Rotated Images Krantz (unpublished) 36, 77 Immune Response Cohen et al. (1992) 57 Race and Retribution Rogers & Prentice-Dunn (1981) 58 Down’s Syndrome Moran (1974) 59 Birth Month and Gender Fombonne (1989) 60 Guessing at Answers Katz et al. (1990) 55, 76 Grades and Attendance Howell (unpublished) 45, 78 Optimism and Performance Seligman et al. (1990) 78 Perceived Attractiveness Langlois & Roggman (1990) 81 Attention Deficit Disorder Howell & Huessy (1985) 57, 108, 154 Treatment of Anorexia Everitt (1994) 110, 338, 360, 397 Behavior Problems Achenbach (1991) 115 M&M’s unpublished 136 Death Penalty Dieter (1998) 144 Maternal Age at First Birth CDC (2003) 150 Don’t Litter Geller et al. (1976) 154, 526 Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving Fell (1995) 155 Race and the Death Penalty U. S. Department of Justice (2000) 155 Sunk-Cost Fallacy Strough et al. (2008) 160 Finger Tapping Christianson & Leathem (2004) 169 Reward Delayed Magan et al. (2008) 186 Infant Mortality and Physicians St. Leger et al. (1978) 192 Health Care Expenditures Cochrane et al. (1978) 193 Breast Cancer and Sunshine Newsweek(1991) 193 Red Wine and Heart Disease Wong (2008) 196 Pace of Life Levine (1990) 197 Weight, Height, and Gender Ryan et al. (1985) 205 Smoking and Alcohol Consumption British Government 206 Course Quality and Grades Unpublished 223 Births in Sub-Saharan Africa Guttmacher Institute (2002) 227 Down’s Syndrome and Age Geyer (1991) 228 Stress and Mental Health Wagner et al. (1988) 232 The Me Generation—Not Trzesniewski et al. (2009) 238, 263 The Me Generation Twenge (2006) 238 Regression to the Mean Galton (1886) 242 Guns Don’t Reduce Murder Rate Grambsch (2009) 243 School Funding Guber (1999) 273 Maternal Confidence Leerkes & Crockenberg (1999) 289 Psychology and Cancer Patients Malcarne et al. (1995) 292 Optimism and Religion Sethi & Seligman (1993) 297 Family Structure and Vulnerability Mireault (1990) 299 Stress and Behavior Problems Williamson (2008) 302 Children and the “Lie Scale” Compas et al. (1994) 314 The Crowd Within Vul & Pashler (2008) 341 Marital Satisfaction with Sex Hout et al. (1987) 349, 535 Beta-Endorphines and Stress Hoaglin et al. (1983) 350 Sources of Homophobia Adams et al. (1996) 364 Age and Memory Eysenck (1974) 373, 407, 454 Gender, Anger, and Perception Brescoll & Uhlmann (2008) 379 Stereotype Threat Aronson et al. (1998) 405 Low Birthweight Infants Nurcombe et al. (1984) 425, 480 Marijuana and Behavior Conti & Musty (1984) 441 Therapy for Rape Victims Foa et al. (1991) 447 Insecurity in a Crowd Darley and Latané 448, 515 Smoking and Performance Spilich et al. (1992) 448 Attractiveness and Facial Features Langlois and Roggman (1990) 450 Masculine Overcompensation Thesis Willer (2005) 471 Earthquakes and Depression Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow (1991) 485 Therapeutic Touch Rosa et al. (1998) 504 Anorexia and Prozac Walsh et al. (2006) 551 Fertility and Smoking Weinberg & Gladen (1986) 532 Race and Desired Weight Gross (1985) 533 Health and Inescapable Shock Visintainer et al. (1982) 533 Race and Racial Identification Clark & Clark (1947); 535 Hraba and Grant (1970) Race and Death Penalty Again Peterson (2001) 535 Schizophrenia and Subcortical Structures Suddath et al. (1990) 548 He, She, They Foertsch & Gernsbacher (1997) 556 Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences This page intentionally left blank S E V E N T H E D I T I O N Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences David C. Howell Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral © 2011,2008Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Sciences, Seventh Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright David C. Howell herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to Publisher: Linda Schreiber photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Executive Editor: Jon-David Hague information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, Developmental Editor: Rebecca Rosenberg except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Assistant Editor: Paige Leeds Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Brief Contents Preface xi Chapter 15 Power 381 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 16 One-Way Analysis of Variance 406 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 17 Chapter 17 Factorial Analysis of Variance 452 Chapter 3 Displaying Data 35 Chapter 18 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 483 Chapter 4 Measures of Central Tendency 63 Chapter 19 Chi-Square 502 Chapter 5 Measures of Variability 80 Chapter 20 Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Chapter 6 Statistical Tests 536 The Normal Distribution 111 Chapter 21 Chapter 7 Choosing the Appropriate Analysis 565 Basic Concepts of Probability 134 Appendix A Chapter 8 Arithmetic Review 572 Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing 156 Appendix B Symbols and Notation 579 Chapter 9 Correlation 188 Appendix C Basic Statistical Formulae 582 Chapter 10 Regression 230 Appendix D Data Set 586 Chapter 11 Multiple Regression 268 Appendix E Statistical Tables 590 Chapter 12 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Glossary 608 One Sample 301 References 614 Chapter 13 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Answers to Exercises 620 Two Related Samples 335 Index 641 Chapter 14 Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Two Independent Samples 352 vi Contents Preface xi 4.4 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mode, the Median, and the Mean 67 4.5 Obtaining Measures of Central Tendency Chapter 1 Using SPSS 70 Introduction 1 4.6 A Simple Demonstration—Seeing Statistics 72 1.1 The Importance of Context 4 4.7 Summary 75 1.2 Basic Terminology 6 4.8 Exercises 76 1.3 Selection among Statistical Procedures 9 1.4 Using Computers 12 1.5 Summary 13 Chapter 5 1.6 Exercises 14 Measures of Variability 80 5.1 Range 83 Chapter 2 5.2 Interquartile Range and Other Basic Concepts 17 Range Statistics 84 5.3 The Average Deviation 86 2.1 Scales of Measurement 18 5.4 The Variance 86 2.2 Variables 24 5.5 The Standard Deviation 88 2.3 Random Sampling 26 5.6 Computational Formulae for the Variance 2.4 Notation 28 and the Standard Deviation 90 2.5 Summary 30 5.7 TheMeanandtheVariance 2.6 Exercises 31 asEstimators 91 5.8 Boxplots: Graphical Representations Chapter 3 of Dispersion and Extreme Scores 94 Displaying Data 35 5.9 A Return to Trimming 98 5.10 Obtaining Measures of Dispersion 3.1 Plotting Data 37 Using SPSS 100 3.2 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 40 5.11 The Moon Illusion 100 3.3 Reading Graphs 45 5.12 Seeing Statistics 104 3.4 Alternative Methods of Plotting Data 47 5.13 Summary 106 3.5 Describing Distributions 51 5.14 Exercises 108 3.6 Using Computer Programs to Display Data 53 3.7 Summary 54 Chapter 6 3.8 Exercises 55 The Normal Distribution 111 6.1 The Normal Distribution 114 Chapter 4 6.2 The Standard Normal Distribution 120 Measures of Central Tendency 63 6.3 Setting Probable Limits on an Observation 126 6.4 Measures Related to z 127 4.1 The Mode 64 6.5 Seeing Statistics 128 4.2 The Median 65 6.6 Summary 129 4.3 The Mean 66 6.7 Exercises 130 vii