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Fundamental Physics — Heisenberg and Beyond: Werner Heisenberg Centennial Symposium “Developments in Modern Physics” PDF

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Fundamental Physics − Heisenberg and Beyond Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH WERNER HEISENBERG 1966 The portrait on the wall shows Heisenberg’s first teacher Arnold Sommerfeld. (Photo: W. Ernst Böhm, Ludwigshafen/Rh.) Gerd W. Buschhorn Julius Wess (Eds.) −−−−− Fundamental Physics Heisenberg and Beyond Werner Heisenberg Centennial Symposium ”Developments in Modern Physics“ 1 3 Prof. Gerd W. Buschhorn Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Werner-Heisenberg-Institut Föhringer Ring 6 80805 Munich, Germany Prof. Julius Wess Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Werner-Heisenberg-Institut Föhringer Ring 6 80805 Munich, Germany and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Sektion Physik Theresienstr. 37 80333 Munich, Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Werner Heisenberg Centennial Symposium ‘Developments in Modern Physics’ (2001: Munich, Germany) Fundamental physics -- Heisenberg and beyond : Werner Heisenberg Centennial Symposium ‘Developments in Modern Physics’ / Gerd W. Buschhorn, Julius Wess (eds.) p. cm. Includes bibliographical references ISBN 3-540-20201-3 (acid-free paper) 1. Quantum theory--Congresses. 2. Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976--Congresses. I. Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976. II. Buschhorn, Gerd W. III. Wess, Julius. IV. Title. QC173.96.W47 2004 530.12--dc22 2004045316 ISBN 978-3-642-62203-8 ISBN 978-3-642-18623-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18623-3 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag.Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1stedition2004 The use of designations, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting by authors/editors Data conversion: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Cover Design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 55/3141/YL 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface Quantummechanics,formulatedbyWernerHeisenbergin1925,isamongthe greatestachievementsinphysicsanditmarkedthebeginningofacompletely new area of atomic and fundamental physics. Werner Heisenberg’s formula- tionwastheculminationofaseriesofdevelopmentsstartedbyMaxPlanck’s postulate of the quantum principle. The impact quantum mechanics has had on the development of physics canhardlybeoverestimated.Quantummechanicswasbornoutofthestrug- gle to explain the complexities of atomic spectra but has since been the key for understanding the properies of matter ranging from its most elementary constituents to its collective behaviour in condensed matter, up to macro- scopic scales. In the decades since its first formulation, quantum mechanics has proven to constitute the correct description of nature – no exception to its predictions have been found. Today physical theories describing the beginning oftheuniverseandevolution untilitsultimatefatearebuilt onit. The new way of thinking implied by quantum mechanics also had an important influence beyond physics per se. From his early discussions with NielsBohr,apioneerinthedevelopmentoftheatomicmodel,andthroughout hislife,Heisenbergwasinterestedintherelationofphysicstophilosophyand humanities. Thecelebrationofthe100thanniversaryofthebirthdayofWernerHeisen- berg took place in the Great Aula of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich on 5th December 2001, the day of Werner Heisenberg’s 100th birth- day. Heisenberg had studied at the Ludwig Maximilians University in the years 1920 to 1923 under the guidance of the great teacher Arnold Som- merfeld and received his Doctorate in 1923. In 1958 Heisenberg returned to Munich to lead his Max Planck Institute. He worked there until his death in 1976 and was buried in Munich. The Centennial celebration was opened by the Rector Magnificus of the University, Professor Andreas Helfrich, and the Bu¨rgermeister of the City of Munich, Dr. Waltraud Burkert, followed by addresses from the President of the Max Planck Society, Professor Hubert Markl, and the President of the Bavarian Academyof Sciencesat Munich, Professor Heinrich No¨th. The offi- cial speeches were delivered by Professor Reimar Lu¨st, a member of Heisen- berg’s institute in Go¨ttingen and his successoras President of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, and Professor Chen Ning Yang, Nobel Laureate of 1957 in Physics. While Professor Lu¨st was honoring Werner Heisenberg in VI Preface particular for his role as an organizer of the reconstruction of science in Ger- many after 1945, Professor Yang pointed out Werner Heisenberg’s scientific genius. These two speeches as well as an address of homage by the Japan Academy, delivered by a delegation, are reproduced in the first part of this Festschrift. The Werner Heisenberg Centennial was accompanied by an International Symposium “Developments in Modern Physics” on the 6th and 7th of De- cember, which was also held in the Great Aula of the Ludwig Maximilians University.TheorganizersoftheSymposiumfeltthatitwouldbestservethe memoryofWernerHeisenbergtohaveanaccountofcentralareasofresearch in fundamental physics – experimental as well as theoretical – presented by eminentspeakers.ThetalksoftheSymposium–withtheexceptionofthetalk by Michael Turner on “Cosmological Uncertainty” for which no manuscript was submitted – are reproduced in the second part of this Festschrift. These two central events of the Centennial celebration were accompa- nied by the exhibition “Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) – Forscher, Lehrer und Organisator,” prepared by Helmut Rechenberg (Mu¨nchen) and Gerald Wiemers(Leipzig)intheMaxPlanckHausoftheMaxPlanckSocietyinMu- nich.Adedicatedperformanceofthetheaterplay”Copenhagen”byMichael Frayn was given at the Deutsches Museum in Mu¨nchen; it was performed by the group “Theater Landgraf,” Titisee. Commemoration meetings were held in Munich by the Bavarian Academy of Arts of which Heisenberg had been a member, and at the Deutsches Museum of which Heisenberg had been a member of the Vorstandsrat. The 100th birthday of Werner Heisenberg was celebrated also by institu- tionsandinlocationswhichhadbeenofimportanceinHeisenbergsscientific life. Out of them are mentioned the dedicated Meeting at Bamberg of the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation,ofwhichWernerHeisenberghadbeen Presidentintheyears1953to1975,andaFestcolloquiumattheUniversityof Leipzig, where Heisenberg had held his first professorhip from 1927 to 1942. The latter was accompanied by a parallel exhibition to the one mentioned. The Centennial celebrations for Werner Heisenberg were attended by rel- atives, personal friends, scholars, former colleagues and scientists from all over the world, who wanted to honor this great physicist. To all of them, but in particular to the speakers at the official events, the organizers of the Centennial Celebrations and the editors of the Festschrift want to express their sincerest thanks. They owe their thanks to Helmut Rechenberg for his support and engagement. They are indebted to Rosita Jurgeleit, Kristiane Preuss and Carola Reinke for their engaged participation in the preparation andorganizationofthedifferenteventsoftheWernerHeisenbergcelebration. Munich, Gerd W. Buschhorn April 2004 Julius Wess Contents Part I Commemorative Meeting Address from the Japan Academy Saburo Nagakura................................................ 3 Heisenberg und die Verantwortung des Forschers Reimar Lu¨st.................................................... 5 1 Einleitung .................................................. 5 2 Staatsbu¨rger und Patriot ..................................... 6 3 Wegbereiter der Wissenschaft in Deutschland ................... 8 4 F¨orderer internationaler Zusammenarbeit in der Wissenschaft..... 11 English translation: Heisenberg and the Scientist’s Responsibility ................. 15 Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) Chen Ning Yang ................................................ 25 Part II Scientific Symposium Welcome Address Julius Wess .................................................... 33 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty and Matter Wave Interferometry with Large Molecules Markus Arndt, Anton Zeilinger ................................... 35 1 Quantum Physics at the Microscopic/Mesoscopic Interface........ 35 2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Relation ............................. 36 3 Young’s Double/Multi-slit Experiment with Buckyballs .......... 40 4 Interchanging the Roles of Light and Matter .................... 43 5 A Scalable Interferometer for Large Molecules................... 45 VIII Contents 6 Perspectives ................................................ 49 References ..................................................... 50 The Stability of Matter and Quantum Electrodynamics Elliott H. Lieb.................................................. 53 1 Foreword................................................... 53 2 Introduction ................................................ 54 3 Nonrelativistic Matter Without the Magnetic Field .............. 57 4 Relativistic Kinematics (No Magnetic Field) .................... 60 5 Interaction of Matter with Classical Magnetic Fields ............. 61 6 Relativity Plus Magnetic Fields ............................... 64 References ..................................................... 67 The Quantum Theory of Light and Matter – Mathematical Results Ju¨rg Fro¨hlich................................................... 69 1 Introduction ................................................ 69 2 Ultraviolet Renormalization of the “Standard Model” ............ 72 3 Stability of Matter [4]........................................ 73 4 Atomic Spectra [5]........................................... 73 5 Scattering Theory [6] ........................................ 74 6 Return to Equilibrium, Thermal Ionization ..................... 75 References ..................................................... 76 Four Big Questions with Pretty Good Answers Frank Wilczek .................................................. 79 1 What Is the Origin of Mass?.................................. 79 2 Why Is Gravity Feeble? ...................................... 86 3 Are the Laws of Physics Unique? .............................. 88 4 What Happens if You Keep Squeezing? ........................ 93 References ..................................................... 97 Supersymmetry: the Next Spectroscopy Michael E. Peskin............................................... 99 1 Introduction ................................................ 99 2 Triumphs and Problems of the Standard Model ................. 100 3 Supersymmetry ............................................. 104 4 Supersymmetry as the Successor to the Standard Model.......... 106 5 Beyond the Supersymmetric Standard Model ................... 114 6 Interpretation of the SUSY-Breaking Parameters ................ 116 7 Measuring the Superspectrum................................. 120 8 Conclusions................................................. 130 References ..................................................... 131 Contents IX Neutrino Masses as a Probe of Grand Unification Guido Altarelli ................................................. 135 1 Introduction ................................................ 135 2 Neutrino Masses and Lepton Number Violation ................. 136 3 Four-Neutrino Models........................................ 137 4 Three-Neutrino Models ...................................... 139 5 Simple Examples with Horizontal Abelian Charges .............. 144 6 From Minimal to Realistic SUSY SU(5)........................ 149 7 SU(5) Unification in Extra Dimensions......................... 151 8 SO(10) Models.............................................. 152 9 Conclusion ................................................. 153 References ..................................................... 154 M Theory: Uncertainty and Unification Joseph Polchinski ............................................... 157 1 Introduction ................................................ 157 2 A Fundamental Length....................................... 158 3 Uncertainty................................................. 159 4 Nonlinearity ................................................ 162 5 Observables ................................................ 164 6 On to Heligoland............................................ 165 References ..................................................... 166 The Highest Energy Particles in Nature: What We Know and What the Future Holds Alan A. Watson ................................................ 167 1 Introduction ................................................ 167 2 Measurement of UHECR ..................................... 168 3 The Energy Spectrum, Arrival Direction Distribution and Mass of UHECRs........................................ 169 4 Theoretical Interpretations ................................... 174 5 Detectors of the Future ...................................... 176 6 Conclusions................................................. 179 References ..................................................... 180 Part III Appendix Biographical Notes on Werner Heisenberg Helmut Rechenberg .............................................. 183 List of Contributors .......................................... 189 PartI CommemorativeMeeting

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