Fundamental Interactions in Low-Energy Systems PDF
Preview Fundamental Interactions in Low-Energy Systems
Fundamental Interactions in Low-Energy Systems ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor: Antonino Zichichi European Physical Society Geneva, Switzerland (PHYSICAL SCIENCES) Recent volumes in the series: Volume 15 UNIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE INTERACTIONS II Edited by John Ellis and Sergio Ferrara Volume 16 THE SEARCH FOR CHARM, BEAUTY, AND TRUTH AT HIGH ENERGIES Edited by G. Bellini and S. C. C. TIng Volume 17 PHYSICS AT LEAR WITH LOW-ENERGY COOLED ANTIPROTONS Edited by Ugo Gastaldi and Robert Klapisch Volume 18 FREE ELECTRON LASERS Edited by S. Martellucci and Arthur N. Chester Volume 19 PROBLEMS AND METHODS FOR LITHOSPHERIC EXPLORATIONS Edited by Roberto Cassinis Volume 20 FLAVOR MIXING IN WEAK INTERACTIONS Edited by Ling-Lie Chau Volume 21 ELECTROWEAK EFFECTS AT HIGH ENERGIES Edited by Harvey B. Newman Volume 22 LASER PHOTOBIOLOGY AND PHOTOMEDICINE Edited by S. Martellucci and A. N. Chester Volume 23 FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN LOW-ENERGY SYSTEMS Edited by P. Dalpiaz, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. Fundamental Interactions in low-Energy Systems Edited by P. Dalpiaz INFN and Department of Physics University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy G. Fiorentini G. Torelli INFN and Department of Physics University of Pisa Pisa, Italy Plenum Press • New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms (4th: 1984: Erice, Italy) Fundamental interactions in low-energy systems. (Ettore Maiorana international science series; 23) "Proceedings of the fourth course of the International School of Exotic Atoms, held March 31-April 6, 1984, at the Ettore Maiorana Center for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily, ltaly"-T.p. verso. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Nuclear reactions-Congresses. 2. Exotic atoms-Congresses. I. Dalpiaz, P. II. Fiorentini, G. III. Torelli, G. IV. Series: Ettore Maiorana international science series. Physical sciences; v. 23. aC793.9.1595 1984 539.7'5 85-6335 ISBN 978-1-4684-4969-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-4969-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-4967-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-4967-9 Proceedings of the Fourth Course of the International School of Exotic Atoms, held March 31-April 6, 1984, at the Ettore Maiorana Center for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily, Italy ©1985 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 1 001 3 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The fourth course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms took place at the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scien tific Culture, Erice, from March 31 to April 6, 1984. As tradition, exotic atoms have been a tool for studying elec tromagnetic, weak and strong interactions at low energies. We felt it appropriate to have a full course devoted to a discussion of the information to be gained on the fundamental interactions from the study of low energy systems. In this kind of physics, which is characterized experimentally by very intense particle sources and very sensitive apparatuses, one can search for rare events and can perform precise measurements. Sensitive tests of the predictions of current theories of electro weak and strong interactions can thus be achieved. The course was attended by 54 participants from 23 institutes in 9 countries. The morning lectures reviewed the achievements of the field in the last few years and the afternoon seminars dealt with new results and projects. The lecturers were kind enough to edit their notes so that we are now able to present the procedings of the course. In section I the electro-weak force at low energy is discussed. Following an introduction to the status of the theory, the results of recent experiments in the field are presented. Section II is devoted to the strong interactions: two theoretical papers discuss the phenomenol ogy of Quantum Chromodynamics at low energies and the first experi mental results from the LEAR machine are reported. In section III the search for new particles and interactions, which are predicted in several schemes of unified theories, are discussed. In section IV instrumentation developments are considered in connection with super conducting junctions. Some different facets of the physics of muonic atoms and molecules are discussed in the final section. The course was sponsored by the European Physical Society, the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and v Technological Research, the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) and the Sicilian Regional Government. The Center for Scientific Culture was a very efficient and pleasant host for this course, and our sincere thanks go to its Director, Prof. A. Zichichi. P. Dalpiaz G. Fiorentini G. Torelli vi CONTENTS I THE ELECTRO-WEAK FORCE AT LOW ENERGY Weak Interactions at Low Energy 1 J. Bernabeu Determination of the Muon Decay Parameters 25 W. Fetscher Measurement of the t-Parameter in 35 ~-Decay H. Burkard Muon Capture in Hydrogen 43 J. Martino Muon Capture in Deuterium 71 M. Piccinini Parity Violation in Atoms 87 L. Pottier Neutral Currents in Muonic Atoms 115 J. Missimer Rare Muon Decays and Lepton-family Number Conservation 127 C. M. Hoffman Neutrino Masses and Mixing from Neutrino Oscillations 157 M. Ba1do-Ceolin Searches for Mixed Heavy Neutrinos in Meson Decays and in Muon Capture 175 R. Priee1s vii II STRONG INTERACTIONS The Exotic Atoms of QCD: G1ueba11s. Hybrids and Baryonia 191 T. Barnes Quarkonium Spectroscopy 233 W. Buchmii11er The LEAR Physics Programme 263 P. Dalpiaz Electron-positron Pair Production in pp annihilation at LEAR 271 G. Bardin et a1 •• presented by F. Petrucci pp Annihilations at Rest in Hydrogen Gas: Report on Preliminary Results of the Asterix Experiment at LEAR 279 S. Ahmad et a1 •• presented by F. Fe1d First Physics Results from Experiment PS172 at LEAR 293 F. Bradamante Antiproton-proton Reactions in the Momentum Range from 250 to 600 MeV/c 301 W. BrUckner et a1 •• presented by T. -A. Shibata X-rays from Protonium - PS 174 Progress Report 309 T. Gorringe Antiproton X-ray Spectroscopy in the Cyclotron Trap: Preliminary Results 317 J. Missimer PS184: A Study of Antiproton-nucleus Interactions at LEAR 323 D. Garreta et a1 •• presented by D. M. Drake Perspectives of Antineutron Physics 329 T. Bressani et a1 •• presented by B. Minetti III SEARCH FOR HYPOTHETICAL PARTICLES AND INTERACTIONS Weakly Charged Exotic Particles 337 A. Zehnder viii Search for Muon-hadron Interactions from Muonic X-rays 363 H. J. Leisi Experimental Search for Strong van der Waals Forces 371 P. F. A. Goudsmit Photon-photon Interaction Detection via the Vacuum Birefringence Induced by a Magnetic Field: Status of the Experiment 381 E. Iacopini IV PERSPECTIVES OF SUPERCONDUCTING JUNCTIONS IN NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Potential of Superconducting Tunnel Junctions as Detectors in Nuclear and Particle Physics 405 A. Barone et a1 •• presented by A. Barone Development of a High Resolution Superconducting Detector for keV Radiation at SIN 421 D. Twerenbo1d et a1 •• presented by D. Twerenbo1d New Detectors and Neutrino Mass 429 S. Vitale et a1 •• presented by S. Vitale V SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICS OF MUONIC ATOMS AND MOLECULES Different Facets of Muonic Molecules 435 G. Fiorentini New Experimental Results on Muon Catalyzed Fusion in Low Density Deuterium-tritium gas 449 W. H. Breun1ich et a1 •• presented by P. Kamme1 Progress in Muon Catalyzed Fusion at JINR in Dubna (USSR) 459 H. Schneuw1y Triplet State Lifetimes and Muon Capture in Gaseous Hydrogen 465 1. Massa Formation of the Lightest Muonic Atoms and the 2S-1ifetime of the (p-4He)+-ion 481 F. Kottmann Index 499 ix WEAK INTERACTIONS AT LOW ENERGY J. Bernabeu Department of Theoretical Physics University of Valencia Burjasot, Valencia, Spain 1. INTRODUCTION In this series of lectures, I would like to discuss the basic aspects of the standard electroweak theory, as well as some altern atives. The phenomenology associated with charged and neutral cur rents weak interaction will show the success of the standard theory in giving a quantitative account of the existing data. The framework of most of our considerations will be that of an effective theory at low momentum transfer, low with respect to the masses of the inter mediate vector bosons, 80-90 GeV. As an extension the standard ~f theory for the leptonic sector, I will contemplate the possibility of massive neutrinos being described by Majorana fields, leading to exotic phenomena induced by lepton number violation. 2. THE STANDARD THEORY In this section I wish to illustrate the gauge theory dogma, considering Q.E.D. as an abelian gauge theory being constructed from the principle of local gauge invariance. The next step corresponds to the way how a locally gauge invariant theory of charged vector bosons can appear through Yang-Mills fields. The theory based on the SU(2) x U(I) group is able to describe charged current interactions and two neutral current interactions, one of which can be chosen to be the electromagnetic interaction. But Yang-Mills fields are mass less, a situation which does not correspond to the behavior of the short range weak interactions. The way out of this problem goes under the name of spontaneous symmetry breaking, based on the pos sibility that a fully symmetric Lagrangian can give rise to non symmetric solutions for the ground state.
The list of books you might like
