Fundamental Interactions: Cargèse 1981

704 Pages·1982·31.767 MB·English

by  B. de Wit (auth.), Maurice Lévy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, Maurice Jacob, Raymond Gastmans (eds.)

Fundamental Interactions
Cargese 1981
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
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Volume 85 - Fundamental Interactions: Cargese 1981
edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, David Speiser,
Jacques Weyers, Maurice Jacob, and Raymond Gastmans
This series is published by an international board of publishers in con
junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
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Fundamental
Interactions
Cargese 1981
Edited by
Maurice Levy and Jean-Louis Basdevant
Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energies
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
Paris, France
David Speiser and Jacques Weyers
Institute of Theoretical Physics
Universite Catholique de Louvain
Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium
Maurice Jacob
Theory Division
C.E.R.N.
Gen~ve, Switzerland
and
Raymond Gastmans
Institute of Theoretical Physics
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions (1981)
Fundamental interactions, Cargese, 1981.
(NATO advanced study institutes series. Series B, Physics; v. 85)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Nuclear reactions-Congresses. 2. Particles (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. 3.
Quantum field theory-Congresses. I. Levy, Maurice, 1922- . II. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. Division of Scientific Affairs. III. Title. IV. Series.
QC793.9.C371981 539.7'54 82-10164
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3553-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3551-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3551-1
Proceedings of the 1981 Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental
Interactions, held July 14-31, 1981, in Cargese, Corsica, France
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions
was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY
and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de
Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit
te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined
their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute
held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of
theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve.
This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres
sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum
chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol
ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly
reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by
experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride
among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore
tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and
understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new
theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of
the future.
We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer
Institute possible!
Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its
President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the
Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora
tors for their constant help and encouragements.
We also thank the "Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techiques
du Ministere de la Defense" and the "Institut National de Physique
Nucleaire" et de Physique des Particules" (France) as well as the
National Science Foundation (USA) for their financial assistance.
Special thanks are due to the Universite de Nice for having
put at our disposal the facilities of the Institut de Cargese.
v
vi PREFACE
We wish to thank Miss M.-F. HANSELER, ~frs M. McClean, MD.
Bernia and all others from Paris, Leuven, Louvain-Ia-Neuve and
especially Cargese for their collaboration.
We thank Mrs V. van CAILLIE and Miss A. DENIS for typing the
manuscript, and Mrs F. de VILLE, Miss D. GUSBIN, MM M. DENIS and
D. VERSTEGEN for their help in correcting the proofs and Miss M.
CARTER (Plenum Press) for her collaboration.
Finally, the financial contributions from the Brouwerijen
Artois, the Generale Bankmaatschappij and the Kredietbank are grate
fully acknowledged. They helped to give this Summer Institute a
broader international audience.
Mostly however, we would like to thank all lecturers and
participants who came from over 20 countries: the willingness of the
former to answer all questions and the keen interest of the latter
provided the stimulus which made (we hope) this institute a success.
M. LEVY D. SPEISER
J.-L. BASDEVANT R. GASTMANS
M. JACOB J. WEYERS
Le ppesent doaument a ete etabli en exeaution du aontPat
N° 81-1130 passe pap la Dipeation des Reahepahes Etudes et Teahniques,
a
Dipeation Saientifique, Seation Soutien la Reahepche, Delegation
Genepale poup Z'APmement.
CONTENTS
FUNCTIONAL METHODS IN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
B. de Wit
1. Introduction
II. Path Integrals 2
1. The classical action 2
2. The Feynman postulates 6
3. Quantum mechanics 11
4. The classical limit 14
5. The Euclidean postulate 16
6. Field theory at finite temperature 17
III. Feynman Diagrams 21
1. Graphical representation of the path integral 21
2. Propagators 25
3. Feynman rules 29
4. Diagrammatic evaluation of Gaussian integrals 31
5. The effective potential 35
6. The effective potential at finite temperature 38
IV. Fermions 44
1. The Grassmann algebra 44
2. Gaussian integrals and the superdeterminant 47
3. Applications 50
V• . Ghosts 52
1. Ghost fields and fictitious particles 52
2. Ghost fields in Feynman diagrams 54
3. Ghost counting 58
vii
viii CONTENTS
References 64
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRO-WEAK INTERACTIONS 67
G. Segre
I. Introduction 67
II. Gauge Invariance 68
III. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 71
1. Introduction 71
2. Goldstone bosons 72
3. Higgs mechanism 73
4. Pseudo-Goldstone bosons 74
IV. The Standard Model 77
1. Couplings 77
2. Gauge boson masses 80
V. Anomalies 83
VI. Fermi Mass Matrix 85
1. Mixing angles and phases 85
2. Symmetries of Yukawa couplings 89
3. Leptons 93
VII. CP 95
0-0
1. K K system phenomenology 95
2. Models of CP violation 99
3. Neutron electric dipole moment 104
4. Strong CP violation and axion 104
VIII. Things to look for 113
1. W. Z bosons 113
2. More gauge bosons 113
3. New fermions 114
4. Higgs bosons 114
5. Rare decay modes 114
References 114
CONTENTS ix
THE WEAK INTERACTIONS IN THE CONFINING PllASE 121
E. Farhi
References 127
HEAVY QUARK SYSTEMS 129
A. Martin
ELECTRON-POSITRON INTERACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGIES 131
G. Wolf
I. Introduction 131
II. PETRA and PEP 132
1. PETRA 132
2. PEP 134
III. The structure of Leptons 134
IV. Weak Neutral Current Contributions to Lepton Pair
Production 145
V. Search for new Particles 153
1. Excited leptons 154
2. Search for heavy sequential lepton 157
3. Neutral heavy lepton 157
4. Supersymmetric scalar leptons 161
5. Free quarks 162
VI. Jet Formation in e+e- annihilation 165
1. The quark parton model 165
2. Elements of QeD 179
3. QCD modifications to R 181
4. Gluon Bremsstrahlung 182
5. Quantitative comparison of jet production with QeD 191
6. The gluon spin 194
7. Alternative explanations of the three-jet events? 199
8. The value of as and the next to leading order
corrections 204
9. Summary of the QeD tests 207
VII. Quark and Gluon Fragmentation 207
1. Energy carried by neutrals 207
x CONTENTS
2. Charged particle multiplicity 208
3. Inclusive particle spectra without particle
identification 211
4. Particle separated cross-sections 218
5. The scaled particle cross-sections 223
6. Where are all the baryons from? 223
7. Gluon fragmentation 230
References 233
+ -
e e COLLISIONS AT CESR 239
K. Berkelman
I. CESR, CLEO and CUSB 239
II. Upsilon bound state spectroscopy and tests of QCD 243
I. Masses and potential models 243
2. Leptonic widths 248
3. Evidence for the decay of the T(ls) into 3 gluons 249
4. Rate for T(ls) decay into 3 gluons 253
5. Particle yields in T(ls) decays 257
6. Hadronic transitions 261
III. B Meson Decays and Tests of the standard weak
interaction 265
1. Production 265
2. The spectator model 271
3. Leptonic decays 272
4. Neutral currents and other unorthodox B decays
models 274
5. Ratio of b ~ uW- and b ~ cW rates 275
6. Exclusive B decays 279
References 280
+ -
e e PHYSICS AT VERY LARGE ENERGIES 283
M. Davier
O. Abstract 283
1. Introduction 283
+ -
1. "Low energy" e e phenomenology 283