Table Of Content

Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry Springer III.Computer and Systems Science IOS Press IV.Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes”and “Advanced Research Workshops”, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above.Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series II:Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry – Vol.223 Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials edited by Rainer Kassing Department of Natural Sciences, University of Kassel, Germany Plamen Petkov Department of Physics, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria Wilhelm Kulisch Department of Natural Sciences, University of Kassel, Germany and Cyril Popov Central Laboratory of Photoprocesses, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials Sozopol, Bulgaria 3-15 June, 2005 A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4595-6 (PB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4595-0 (PB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4593-X (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4593-6 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4594-8 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4594-3 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O.Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ©2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........................................................................................................xi 1. General Aspects R. Kassing and W. Kulisch: Nanoscaled materials: A brief introduction...........................................................................................3 2. Basic Properties of Nanoscaled Materials 2.1. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES J. M. Marshall: Electronic properties and characterisation of disordered semiconductors.............................................................29 J. M. Marshall: A computer modelling study of hopping transport and variable range hopping in disordered solids................................45 P. Petkov: Electrode-limited currents in thin ternary chalcogenide films....................................................................................................57 2.2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES U. Kreibig, M. Gartz, A. Hilger, H. Hövel, M. Quinten, D. Wagner, and H. Ditlbacher: A short survey of optical properties of metal nanostructures.....................................................................................75 2.3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES W. Kulisch: Nanocomposite thin films with improved mechanical properties..........................................................................................113 3. Techniques and Methods 3.1. PREPARATION OF NANOSCALED MATERIALS R. Kassing: Fabrication of nanostructures.................................................127 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1.1. Bulk Materials A.L. Stepanov: Optical properties of metal nanoparticles formed by ion implantation and modified by laser annealing.......................139 J.-C. Pivin: Synthesis procedures of nanocomposites from gels...............161 R. Harizanova, G. Völksch, and C. Rüssel: Phase separation and crystallisation in high iron containing borosilicate glasses........169 V. Ivanova, E. Kashchieva, and Y. Dimitriev: Nanocomposites based on immiscible borate glasses..................................................173 D. Dobreva, S. Nenkova, and St. Vasileva: Investigation of the microstructure of polypropylene composites filled with wood flour modified with monochloracetic acid........................................177 3.1.2. Thin Films W. Mróz: Physics of deposition of hydroxyapatite layers by the pulsed laser deposition method..............................................183 M. Jelínek, T. Kocourek, F. Flory, L. Escoubas, and T. Mazingue: Laser deposition of waveguiding films.............................................197 R. Cristescu, I.N. Mihailescu, M. Jelinek, and D.B. Chrisey: Functionalized thin films and structures obtained by novel laser processing issues......................................................................211 3.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSCALED MATERIALS P. Morgen, A. Bahari, and K. Pedersen: Nanostructured films on silicon surfaces.................................................................................229 M. Emziane, K. Durose, D.P. Halliday, A. Bosio, and N. Romeo: On the origin of impurities in the window layers of CdTe/CdS solar cells..........................................................................................257 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii 4. Nanoscaled Thin Films 4.1. CARBON AND RELATED MATERIALS W. Kulisch and C. Popov: Deposition, characterization and application of nanocrystalline diamond films...................................263 S. Ulrich, E. Nold, K. Sell, M. Stüber, J. Ye, and C. Ziebert: Nano-scale, multi-functional, cubic boron nitride coatings..............275 R. Freudenstein and W. Kulisch: Nanocrystalline cubic boron nitride films......................................................................................289 R. Kosydar, W. Mroz, M. Jelinek, and T. Kocourek: Boron nitride thin layers prepared using a krypton fluoride excimer laser.............295 4.2. SILICON-BASED FILMS D. Dimova-Malinovska: Metal induced crystallisation - an advanced method for polycrystalline Si films preparation...............................301 D. Dimova-Malinovska: Modification of the optical and structural properties of a-Si C :H films by ion implantation..........................313 1-x x D. Dimova-Malinovska: Application of stain etched porous silicon in solar cells and light emitting diodes.................................................323 V. Grigorov, O. Angelov, M. Kamenkova, and D. Dimova-Malinovska: Structural properties of poly-Si thin films on ZnO:Al coated glass substrates obtained by aluminium-induced crystallization in different atmospheres............333 4.3. OXIDE FILMS K. Gesheva, T. Ivanova, F. Hamelmann, and O. Trofimov: CVD-transition metal oxide films as functional layers in “smart windows” and X-ray mirrors............................................................341 F. Hamelmann, H. Wonisch, W. Hachmann, and U. Heinzmann: Plasma assisted deposition of tungsten oxide / silicon oxide multilayer films with sub-nanometer single layers...........................351 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS P.V. Aleksandrova, V.K. Gueorguiev, Tz.E. Ivanov, and J.B. Koprinarova:Electrical and polarization properties of nano-sized ZrO on polycrystalline silicon.......................................355 2 I. Di Sarcina, A. Menelle, E. Nichelatti, and A. Piegari: Characterization of optical coatings for artwork protection by means of neutron reflectometry...................................................359 G. Socol, I.N. Mihailescu, E. Axente, C. Ristoscu, E. Gyorgy, D. Stanoi, S. Grigorescu, L. Escoubas, and T. Mazingue: Functional nanostructured metal oxide thin films for applications in optical gas detection.................................................363 4.4. FURTHER SYSTEMS D. Stanoi, E. Axente, G. Socol, G. Dorcioman, S. Grigorescu, and I. N. Mihailescu: Structural characterization of Er: YAG thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition...........................369 J. Dikova, Tz. Babeva, and Tz. Iliev: Optical behavior of vacuum deposited amorphous and nano-crystalline As S films before 2 3 and after irradiation..........................................................................373 P. Gushterova, P. Sharlandjiev, B. Schmidt, and A. Mücklich: On the determination of the optical constants of very thin metallic films....................................................................................379 5. Special Nanostructures: Fullerenes, Nanotube, Nanowires C. Popov: Nanostructured carbon materials...............................................387 M.J. Wozniak, W. Kaszuwara, J.A. Kozubowski, M. Leonowicz, M. Bystrzejewski, A. Huczko, H. Lange, and M. Zdrojek: Encapsulates: Nd-Fe-B@C and Fe@C for drug delivery systems and contrast elements, study of structure, chemical composition and magnetic properties...............................................399 C.T. Fleaca, L. Albu, R. Alexandrescu, F. Dumitrache, I. Morjan, E. Popovici, I. Sandu, M. Scarisoreanu, I. Soare, and I. Voicu: Carbon-based nanostructures through laser interaction with reactive gaseous mixtures.......................................403 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix D. Stichtenoth, D. Schwen, S. Mueller, C. Borchers, and C. Ronning: Growth and properties of zincsulfide nanowires..........................................................................................407 O. Adiguzel: Smart materials and martensite microstructures in copper based shape memory alloys..............................................411 6. Applications 6.1. DEVICES, SENSORS, DATA STORAGE J.P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, M. Krakowski, and G. Eisenstein: Semiconductor nanostructures for fundamental physics and optoelectronic applications...............................................................417 A. Vaseashta: Nanostructured materials based devices and sensors.........431 A. Vaseashta, J.O. Brumfield, S.B. Vaseashta, J. Barrios, P. Roy, O. Pummakarnchana, N. Tripathi, and J. Dutta: Atmospheric parameters sensing using nanotechnology based sensors and image processed real-time satellite data..............443 C. Steimer, H. Dieker, D. Wamwangi, W. Welnic, R. Detemple, and M. Wuttig: Optical and electronic data storage with phase change materials: From crystal structures to kinetics.............449 H. Dieker, H. Noerenberg, C. Steimer, and M. Wuttig: Chalcogenide alloys as a basis for new non-volatile random access memories...............................................................................455 6.2. ELECTROCHEMICAL B. Abrashev, S. Bliznakov, and A. Popov: Nanocrystalline Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying – a review...........................................................................463 S. Bliznakov, N. Drenchev, T. Spassov, and A. Popov: Nanocrystalline Mg based alloys obtained by mechanical alloying as precursors for high-capacity negative electrodes in rechargeable Ni/MH batteries.......................................................469