Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials PDF
Preview Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials
Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials RSC Smart Materials Series Editors: Professor Hans-Jörg Schneider, Saarland University, Germany Professor Mohsen Shahinpoor, University of Maine, USA Titles in this Series: 1: Janus Particle Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications 2: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 1 3: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 2 4: Materials Design Inspired by Nature 5: R esponsive Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials 6: Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications 7: F unctional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 8: M echanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and Applications 9: Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells 10: Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology 11: Semiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to Sustainable Energy 12: Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics 13: Photocured Materials 14: Chemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals 15: Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. For further information please contact: Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials Edited by John G. Hardy Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Email: [email protected] and Felix H. Schacher Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany Email: [email protected] RSC Smart Materials No. 15 Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-022-8 PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-267-3 ISSN: 2046-0066 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work. The authors have sought to locate owners of all reproduced material not in their own possession and trust that no copyrights have been inadvertently infringed. Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Preface The field of supramolecular chemistry is clearly one of the most vibrant areas of chemistry. Here, inorganic, organic, macromolecular, physical and mate- rials chemistry meet and interdisciplinary research projects cover all aspects from truly fundamental studies to application-driven approaches. Within the field of supramolecular chemistry, metal-ion-directed assembly is a com- mon feature exploited for the creation of functional supramolecular entities of both natural and synthetic origins. Examples are well-defined assemblies composed of a discrete number of ligands and metal ions, including metal- loproteins, helical structures (e.g. G-quartets and helicates), grids, racks, squares/rectangles, metallamacrocycles, capsules and cages, and moreover, entities composed of a non-discrete number of ligands and metal ions, such as metallosupramolecular polymers. The first chapter of the book focuses on naturally-occurring functional metallosupramolecular materials formed from metal-containing proteins with a particular focus on the wide range of roles metal ions fulfil within these structures. The subsequent chapters cover numerous potential applications of such materials in a systematic fashion. This includes DNA- mediated assembly, constitutionally dynamic materials capable of adapting shape or properties in response to external stimuli, metallopolymer-based materials (e.g. ferrocene-containing polymers), metallogels, metal–organic frameworks, surface-anchored assemblies, molecular computing, spin- crossover, light harvesting and photocatalysis. We hope that this compilation provides the reader with a relatively com- prehensive overview of metallosupramolecular materials at a very exciting and important time in their history. We believe that this class of materials has arrived at a stage where products will be translated from the laboratory to the marketplace. RSC Smart Materials No. 15 Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials Edited by John G. Hardy and Felix H. Schacher © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org v vi Preface We would like to thank Hans-Jörg Schneider and Mohsen Shahinpoor for the invitation to contemplate a book project on the topic of Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials for the Royal Society of Chemistry series on Smart Materials, and Leanne Marle and Alice Toby-Brant at the Royal Soci- ety of Chemistry for their support throughout the production of the book. We wholeheartedly and unreservedly thank the authors of the chapters for their thoughtful contributions on a variety of highly interdisciplinary topics, and hope that the readers find the chapters as interesting, accessible, educa- tional and enjoyable as we have. We dedicate this book to Jean-Marie Lehn, Jack Harrowfield and Ulrich S. Schubert on the occasions of their 75th, 70th and 45th birthdays, respec- tively. We warmly thank them for insightful discussions, inspiration and mentorship. Felix Schacher and John Hardy Contents Chapter 1 Interaction of Metal Ions with Proteins as a Source of Inspiration for Biomimetic Materials 1 Andrew M. Smith 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Enzymes 3 1.2.1 Single Metal Ion Enzymes 3 1.2.2 Binuclear Metallohydrolases 5 1.2.3 Metal-Containing Organic Cofactors 10 1.2.4 Applications of Metallo-Enzymes 14 1.3 Structural Proteins 15 1.3.1 Silks 15 1.3.2 Mussel Byssus 16 1.4 Metal-Induced Protein Misfolding 19 1.5 Antimicrobial Peptides 21 1.6 Conclusions 23 Acknowledgements 23 References 24 Chapter 2 DNA-Based Metallosupramolecular Materials 32 Janane Rahbani, Kimberly Metera and Hanadi F. Sleiman 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 DNA Nanotechnology 33 2.3 Methods to Incorporate Metal Centers into DNA 35 2.4 Metal Binding to Natural DNA Nucleobases 35 2.5 Binding of Pre-Formed Metal Complexes to DNA 39 RSC Smart Materials No. 15 Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials Edited by John G. Hardy and Felix H. Schacher © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii viii Contents 2.5.1 Metallointercalators 39 2.5.2 Non-Covalent Binding of Supramolecular Assemblies to DNA 43 2.5.3 DNA Covalently Modified with Metal Complexes as a Building Block for Higher-Order Assemblies 45 2.6 DNA Modified with Ligands 46 2.6.1 Artificial Metallo–Base Pairs 47 2.6.2 Attaching Metal-Binding Ligands to the DNA Backbone 51 2.7 Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) and Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) 61 2.8 Conclusion 64 References 65 Chapter 3 Constitutionally Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Systems 70 Mihail Barboiu 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Libraries (DMLs)—General Considerations 71 3.3 Ligand-Driven Selection in Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Libraries 72 3.4 Metal-Driven Selection in Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Libraries 80 3.5 Conclusion 84 References 84 Chapter 4 Functional Materials Based on Metal-Containing Polymers 87 Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz, Christian Agatemor and Nola Etkin 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Conducting and Redox Active Metal-Containing Polymers 88 4.3 Magnetic Metal-Containing Polymers 96 4.4 Optical Metal-Containing Polymers 102 4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 114 References 115 Chapter 5 Recent Advances in Immobilized Ferrocene-Containing Polymers 120 Markus Gallei and Johannes Elbert 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Redox Switchable Polarity 121 5.3 Immobilized Ferrocene Polymers for Controlled Release and Permeability 125 Contents ix 5.4 Host–Guest Complexation of Ferrocene Polymers with Cyclodextrin 131 5.5 Electrodes Modified with Ferrocene-Containing Polymers 134 5.5.1 Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Technique Examples for Electrode Modifications 134 5.5.2 Grafting To and Grafting From Approaches for Electrode Modifications 135 5.5.3 Electropolymerization Strategies for Electrode Modification 137 5.6 Immobilized or Confined Ferrocene Polymers as Ceramic Precursors 138 5.7 Confined and Immobilized Ferrocene Polymers for Optical Applications 141 5.8 Conclusion and Outlook 144 References 145 Chapter 6 M etallosupramolecular Soft Materials: Metallogels 149 Charlotte Po and Vivian Wing-Wah Yam 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Silver 151 6.3 Copper 157 6.4 Iron 162 6.5 Cobalt 164 6.6 Rhenium 164 6.7 Palladium 165 6.8 Gold 171 6.9 Platinum 178 6.10 Conclusion 188 Acknowledgements 189 References 189 Chapter 7 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Chemical Sensors 192 Nolan W. Waggoner, Alisha M. Bohnsack and Simon M. Humphrey 7.1 Introduction 192 7.1.1 General Mechanisms of Luminescence Applicable to MOFs 195 7.2 MOF Luminescence Sensing 204 7.2.1 Anion Sensing 205 7.2.2 Cation Sensing 206 7.2.3 Small Molecule Sensing 210 7.2.4 Sensing of Biomolecules 219 7.2.5 Temperature Sensing 220 x Contents 7.3 Electromechanical Sensors 222 7.3.1 Preparation of MOF Thin Films 223 7.3.2 MOF Thin Films and QCMs 229 7.3.3 Microcantilever-Based MOF Sensing Devices 231 7.3.4 MOF-Functionalised SAW Sensors 234 7.4 Summary and Outlook 235 Acknowledgements 235 References 235 Chapter 8 A nchoring Metallosupramolecular Materials on Solid Substrates: Specific Surface–Molecule Interactions and Self-Assembly 246 Giuseppina Pace and Artur R. Stefankiewicz 8.1 Introduction 246 8.2 Electronic Structure of Metallosupramolecules on Surfaces 247 8.3 Surface-Confined Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry 251 8.4 Hierarchical Assembly of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 256 8.5 Metallosupramolecular Complexes in Devices 258 8.6 Conclusion 264 Acknowledgements 265 References 265 Chapter 9 Metallosupramolecular Materials for Electronic Applications: Molecular Boolean Computation 269 Brian Daly, Jue Ling and A. Prasanna de Silva 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 One/Two-Input One-Output Logic 270 9.3 Two-Input Two-Output Logic 277 9.4 Three-Input One-Output Logic 279 9.5 Four-Input One-Output Logic 283 9.6 Complex Computation 284 9.7 Conclusion 285 Acknowledgements 285 References 285 Chapter 10 M etallosupramolecular Materials for Magnetic Applications: Spin-Crossover 290 Suzanne Neville 10.1 Introduction 290 10.1.1 Brief Introduction to SCO 291 10.1.2 Metallosupramolecular SCO Materials 292
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