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Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture. Management to Overcome Biotic and Abiotic Stresses PDF

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Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture Management to Overcome Biotic and Abiotic Stresses Michael J. Goss Schoolof Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario,Canada Ma´rio Carvalho InstituteofMediterranean Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of E´vora, E´vora, Portugal Isabel Brito InstituteofMediterranean Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of E´vora, E´vora, Portugal AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyrightr2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-804244-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:NancyMaragioglio EditorialProjectManager:BillieJeanFernandez ProductionProjectManager:LisaJones CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India List of Figures Figure 1.1 The rapid increase inworldpopulation since 2 1960 and the associated reduction inthe average area ofarable landper person. Figure 1.2 The urbanization ofthe worldpopulation since 3 1961. Figure B1.2.1 Increment inthe use offertilizers, pesticides and 7 production in theworld between 1960 and 1990. Figure B1.2.2 Effectofsoil organicmatter (SOM) on the use 8 efficiency ofinputsto wheat productionin the Southof Portugal. Figure B2.1.1 Effectofsoil organicmatter on wheat response to 22 nitrogenfertilizer application. Figure 2.1 Rhizosphere andmycorrhizosphere interactions 27 undercovercrops and crop rotationsthat encourage thepresence and diversityof AMF and the benefits of these andother beneficial microbes in plant productivity. Figure 4.1 The proportion ofroot colonized by arbuscular 77 mycorrhizalfungi (AMF) from Developer plants relativeto that ofthe same plant dependant mainlyon spores for colonization. Figure 5.1 Effects ofadding phosphorus intheform of 93 hydroxyapatiteon the formationof nodules on bean roots by R.phaseoliin theabsenceand presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Figure 5.2 The effects ofapplying phosphatefertilizer on the 99 developmentand effectiveness ofthe tripartite symbiosis between soybean,indigenous AMF, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Figure 5.3 Effectofkeeping theextraradical myceliumintact 100 ratherthan disruptedprior to sowing soybeans on the effectiveness ofnodulescolonized by free- living wild type rhizobium and the added benefit from inoculation with themore effective strain 532C. ix x ListofFigures Figure5.4 PotsofTrifoliumsubterraneumL.6weeksafter 101 plantinginsoilcontaining22.6mgMnkg-1. Figure5.5 Effectsof developer ERM, presence and integrity, 102 on colonization rateby indigenous AMF (based on arbusculeformation) and dry weight of shoots and root nodules ofTrifolium subterraneum L.21 days after sowing. Figure5.6 Relationship between colonization rate, based on 102 arbuscule formation 21 days after sowing, and shootdry weight, and Mn concentration inthe roots of Trifolium subterraneum L.42 days after sowing. Figure5.7 Relationship between Mn concentration in the 103 roots,shoot Ncontent and Nodule dry weight in Trifolium subterraneum L.42 daysaftersowing. Figure5.8 Main bacterialgroups considered toparticipatein 104 activities inthemycorrhizosphere. Figure6.1 Arbuscular colonization ofthe second plant ina 118 succession, grown inundisturbed soil. ERM was the main source ofAMF propagulewhen Ornithopus was the first plant inthe succession. Figure6.2 Shootdry weight of thesecondplant ina 118 succession, grown inundisturbed soil. ERM was the main source ofAMF propagulewhen Ornithopus was the first plant inthe succession. Figure8.1 Arbuscular colonization (AC) of wheat by 148 indigenous AMF 10 days, 21 days, and subterranean clover 21 days after planting. Figure8.2 Shootdry weight of wheat and subterranean 149 clover 21 daysafterplanting. Figure8.3 Effect ofthe propaguletype from indigenousAMF 150 in thesoil atthe time of planting on manganese concentration in wheat shoots and subterranean clover shoots and roots,21 days after planting. Figure8.4 Relationship between shootdry weight, 21 days 151 after planting and Mn concentration inthe shoots of wheat orroots ofsubterranean clover. Figure8.5 Effect ofthe indigenousarbuscularmycorrhiza 152 (AM) on noduledry weights, shootNcontent, and shootdry weight (SDW) ofsubterranean clover 6 weeks after planting. ListofFigures xi Figure 8.6 Relationshipbetweenmycorrhizalcolonization 153 and Pand Sconcentrationin theshoots ofwheat at 21 days after planting. Figure 8.7 Representationofthesimilaritiesbetweenthe 153 communitystructuresofAMFpresentinwheat rootsinsuccessiontoOrnithopuscompressusor Loliumrigidumplantswithorwithoutsoil disturbance,evaluatedby454-pyrosequencing technique. Figure 8.8 Representationof thesimilarities between the 154 communitystructures ofAMF presentinrootsof subterraneancloverinsuccessiontoOrnithopus compressusorLoliumrigidumplantswithor withoutsoildisturbance,evaluatedby454- pyrosequencingtechnique. Figure 8.9 Comparison of an intact extraradicalmycelium 157 (ERM)with ERM disrupted on,shootdry weight, P content, and arbuscular colonization rate, in wheat. Figure 8.10 Comparison of thepresence ofan intactwith a 158 disrupted extraradical mycelium(ERM)atplanting on the content of alkalineelements and S in wheat. Figure 8.11 Effectofthe presenceof an intact or disrupted 158 extraradical mycelium (ERM)atthe time of maize plantingon AMFarbuscular colonization %and colonized root density, underfour P levels applied tothe soil. Figure 8.12 Effectofthe presenceof intact or disrupted 159 extraradical mycelium (ERM)ofarbuscular mycorrhizalfungi (AMF) atthe time of maize plantingon the shoot dryweight(SDW) andP content, underfour P levels applied tothe soil. Figure 8.13 Effectofthe presenceof an intact or disrupted 160 extraradical mycelium (ERM)atthe time of maize plantingon the shoot Nand K content,underfour P levels appliedto thesoil. Figure 8.14 Effectofthe presenceof intact or disrupted 160 extraradical mycelium (ERM)atthe time of maize plantingon the shoot Ca and S content, under four P levels applied tothe soil. xii ListofFigures Figure8.15 Effect ofthe presenceof an intact or disrupted 163 extraradical mycelium (ERM) ofarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) atthe time of tomato plantingon the shoot dry weight,disease incidence (DI) and arbuscular colonization (AC) 21 daysafter planting under inoculation of tomatoplantswith Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici. Figure8.16 Diagram ofthefieldexperiment with tomato. 164 Figure8.17 Benefits for total and redfruit tomatoproduction 166 and reducedplant mortality from the switch toa winter covercrop (barley) with reduced tillage in spring,from thetraditional practice.Results from a field experiment in thepresence ofFusarium oxysporum. List of Plates PlateB1.3.1 Arbuscule (4003). 11 PlateB1.3.2 Hyphal Coils (2003). 11 PlateB1.3.3 Vesicle(2003). 12 Plate3.1 AMF colonized root (2003). 40 Plate6.1 (A)Hyphopodium(2003);(B)hyphalintercellular 115 growthandarbuscules(2003);(C)arbuscule(4003). Plate6.2 Vesicle(4003). 116 Plate6.3 Wheatroots colonized with “fine endophytes” 121 (2003). Plate8.1 Growth ofwheat in soilcontaining excessive levels 149 of Mnfollowing colonization initiated by different propagules. Plate8.2 Growth ofwheat in soilcontaining excessive levels 150 of Mnfollowing colonization initiated by similar types ofpropagulefrom indigenousarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Plate8.3 Effect ofthepresenceof an intact extraradical 161 mycelium (ERM) ofnative arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF) developed inassociation with Ornithopus compressus on thegrowthof theroots of maize 21 days after planting. Plate8.4 Gradefor evaluation ofdiseaseincidence (DI) at 162 the stembaseof tomato. Plate8.5 Tomato plants, 14 daysold, inoculated with a 164 suspension of10-9conidia ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici at planting. Plate8.6 Field experiment with tomato. 165 xiii List of Tables Table1.1 Estimation ofrelative contributions toimproved 2 crop productionof increases inharvested land area, crop yields and cropping intensity of agricultureover theperiod from 1961 to 2005. Table2.1 The characteristics, aims, and some essential 17 effectsof common tillage systems and potential impacts on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Table2.2 Effectsoftillage,applicationofNfertilizer,useof 23 covercropsandeffectsofcroprotationonthe changesinsoilorganiccarboninthetop0.3msoil duringa15-yearexperimentincentralItaly. TableB2.2.1 EffectofPappliedtothesoil:onthearbuscular 31 colonization,ontherootdensity,andoncolonized rootdensityofmaize. Table5.1 The concentration of main groups ofmicroflora 83 and fauna insoil. Table6.1 Arbuscularcolonization (AC)ofhostplants used 124 todevelopextraradical mycelium (ERM) and AC ofwheat and clover grown for 21 daysafter the first plants inundisturbed soil (ERM intact) and disturbed soil (ERM disrupted). Table7.1 Characteristics of themycelium ofthe members of 137 three familiesof arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including speed ofcolonization. Table8.1 Design ofcroppingsystems toenhance arbuscular 145 mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity and deliver functional benefits to crops andecosystem services. Table8.2 Summaryofthe proposed strategy;mechanisms 169 and benefits for theconstructive management of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF) within agricultural systems. xv Preface The current world population of 7.5 billion is expected to be 20% greater by 2050 and so we have little over 33 years to ensure the means of producing sufficient food to meet the expected demand. One of the options that previ- ouslywere available tousfor expandingworld productionofcereals,vegeta- bles, fruits, and meat, namely bringing more land into production, is no longer possible and consequently we must everywhere increase the produc- tivity of the land. But this time we must not attempt it without making every effort to safeguard the environment. Put in a slightly different way, we have to grow more but conserve the soil and its biodiversity, be more efficient in terms of water use, improve nutrient-use efficiency so that fewer applied nutrients end up contaminating our freshwater and eutrophying our lakes and shallow seas or adversely affecting the quality of our air and contributing to the atmospheric loading of greenhouse gases. If we add in a desire to reduce the application of pesticides, especially those targeting root pathogens, it would seem to represent an extremely challenging task. Perhaps it will be a surprise to some that the answer to many of these challenges might well be one result of the development of techniques that allow us to determine the make-up of microorganisms, which has had huge impacts on soil science and its application inagronomy. Beginning with the ability to differentiate the fatty acid and phospholipid profiles of microbial communities in soil and reaching the current status, where the whole genetic code of an organism can be determined, the previ- ously rather opaque world of soil microbiology is being clarified at an unprecedented rate. From around the time that the word mycorrhiza was coined by Frank in 1885, mycorrhizal fungi have been of interest because of their special relationship with the vast majority of land plants. For agrono- mists the most important are the endomycorrhizal fungi that produce tree- shaped branched structures called arbuscules inside the cortex of most crop plants. Evidence steadily accrued that established their importance in supply- ing the essential element phosphorus to plants but the availability of mineral fertilizers, such as superphosphate, caused many to assume that the contribu- tion from mycorrhiza was unnecessary and even infertile soils the organisms were more like parasites than partners of their hosts. But eventually there came the realization that arbuscular mycorrhiza provided far more services than supplying phosphorus. The recent appreciation of the biological xvii

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