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Fulani Empire of Sokoto (West African History S.) PDF

344 Pages·1967·7.402 MB·English
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THE FULANI EMPIRE OF SOKOTO WEST AFRICAN HISTORY SERIES General Editor: Gerald S. Graham Rhodes Professor of Imperial History, University of London THE FULANI EMPIRE OF SOKOTO H. A. S. JOHNSTON London OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS IBADAN NAIROBI X967 Oxford University Pressa Ely House, London W.i GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON CAPE TOWN SALISBURY IBADAN NAIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG TOKYO © West African Graphic Company Ltd., 1967 Preparation and publication of this series has been made possible by the generous financial assistance of Over- seas Newspapers Group, Freetown, Lagos, London, and West Indies Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press) Ltd., Bungay, Suffolk CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Maps vii Proper Names ix Notes on Rare and Unpublished Sources xi Abbreviations xiii Acknowledgements xv I Hausaland and the Hausas i ii The Fulani 17 in Shehu Usuman dan Fodiyo 26 rv The Start of the Jihad 35 v The Jihad in Sokoto 46 vi The Jihad in Katsina, Kano, and Zazzau 60 vii The Jihad in Bomu 73 Vin The Jihad in Adamawa and Bauchi 80 ix The Consolidation of the Empire 91 x The Religious Controversy with El-Kanemi and the Death of Shehu 102 xi Sultan Bello—the First Ten Years 113 xii Sultan Bello—the Second Ten Years 122 xiii The Jihad in Nupe and florin 133 xiv The Middle Years 145 xv Trade and the Economy 155 xvi The Machinery of Government 165 xvii Cracks in the Edifice 177 xviii The Kebbi Wars 187 xix Gathering Clouds 196 xx The Royal Niger Company 206 vi Contents xxi Sultan Abdu 218 xxii A Year of Disasters« 230 xxiii The Fall of Sokoto 240 Epilogue 252 Appendix I: Miscellaneous Notes on: (1) Date of The Kano Chronicle ; (2) Date of Bornu’s Suzerainty over Hausaland; (3) Leo Africanus and the Songhai In­ vasion of Hausaland; (4) Amina of Zazzau; (5) The Empire of Muhammadu Kanta; (6) Date of the Expulsion of the Gobirawa from Air; (7) Nomen­ clature of the Fulani; (8) The Fulani and their Language; (9) The Tuaregs; (10) Abdullahi’s Spiritual Crisis; (11) Bello and the Sack of Yandoto; (12) Origins of the Kanuri; (13) Cowry Shells as a Currency; (14) Katsina as a Trading Centre; (15) Hausa Participation in the Jihad in Hausaland; (16) The Fulani States of the Upper Niger; (17) The Fulani Drive to the Sea 259 Appendix II : Genealogical Tables 269 Appendix III: Sir Frederick Lugard and the Kano- Sokoto Expedition of 1903 274 Glossary 287 Bibliography 291 Index 297 ILLUSTRATIONS i (a) An old Hausa facing page 20 i (b) A Hausa girl 20 2 (a) A Fulani youth 21 2 (ô) A Fulani girl 21 3 (a) Tabkin Kwatto 28 3 (b) The place of prayer at Tabkin Kwatto 28 4 Tuaregs 29 5 Aerial view of the Rima Valley between Sokoto and Alkalawa 48 6 A typical landscape in western Sokoto 49 7 Aerial view of Sokoto City 64 8 A market scene in Zamfara 65 9 The Rima River near Argungu 192 10 The Emir of Yauri’s Palace 193 ii The Kano city wall in 1903 208 12 Fulani with their cattle near Kotorkoshi 209 MAPS i Hausaland in the 17th-! 8th centuries facing page 17 2 The Fulani Empires of Sokoto and Gwandu 97 3 The Central Sudan 161 4 Kano Emirate 225 5 North and West Africa 241 6 Sokoto and Gwandu 256 PROPER NAMES O ver the greater portion of the area once covered by the Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Hansa is the mother tongue and there is no part where it is neither spoken nor understood. Consequently, the general rule in this book has been to use proper names in their usual Hausa form, even when this is a corruption of the language from which the names were originally derived. To this general rule there are of course exceptions. First, in spell­ ing, the Italian c now used in Hausa has been replaced by ch. Second, where a name has acquired an anglicized form, this has been adopted in preference to the more correct but less familiar original. Hence Sokoto (which incidentally is pronounced to rhyme with cockatoo) rather than Sakkwato and Timbuctoo rather than Timbuktu or Tambutu. With Moslem names, where the bearers were Africans, the general rule has been followed and the names have been given in their local form. Hence Muhammadu (or sometimes Mamman, Mamudu, or Muhamman) rather than Muhammad. But where the bearers were Arabs or Arab-speaking North Africans, the names have been pre­ served in their correct form but spelt in the normal English fashion, for example, Abd el-Kadir. The first Emir of Gwandu, who plays an important part in this history, poses a special problem because he was a Fulani who wrote in Arabic. As an historical figure, therefore, he appears as Abdullahi and as an author as Abdullah. With place names, though there is a growing measure of standard­ ization, a number of variations still have currency. Some of them, such as Garin Gabas and Kalembina, are incorrect and should be discarded. With others, however, where the best spelling is still an open question, a choice can legitimately be exercised. Hence Hadeija rather than Hadejia and, among proper names, Fodiyo and Jaidu rather than Fodio and Jedo. Finally, certain usages adopted in this book must be briefly ex­ plained. The Fulani rulers, to mark their greater devotion to Islam, have been styled ‘Emirs* whereas their Hausa predecessors, though nominally Moslem from the fifteenth or sixteenth century onward, have simply been termed ‘Chiefs*. By the same token the Hausa States, after the jihad, reappear as Fulani Emirates. This procedure x Proper Names is perhaps a little arbitrary, but it makes for clarity. To the same end the title of ‘Sultan’, which, being superior to that of ‘Emir’ should in theory have been used to describe the rulers of Gwandu and Bornu as well as those of Sokoto, has been reserved for Sokoto while Gwandu has had to be content with ‘Emir’ and Bomu with ‘Mai’. Similarly, the courtesy title of ‘Shehu’, though it subsequently became the official style of the rulers of Bornu, has been reserved for Usuman dan Fodiyo while El-Kanemi and his successors have been accorded the title in its uncorrupted form of ‘Sheikh*. Other names and titles which carry special connotations have been defined in the Glossary.

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