Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing PDF
Preview Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing
har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing George E. Totten, Editor Section Editors Steven R. Westbrook Rajesh J. Shah ASTM Manual Series: MNL37WCD ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 # iMTBttmrmtM. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U. S. A. har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fuels and lubricants handbook: technology, properties, performance, and testing/George E. Totten, editor; section editors, Steven R. Westbrook, Rajesh J. Shah, p. cm.—(ASTM manual series; MNL 37) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8031-2096-6 1. Fuel—Testing—Methodology. 2. Fuel—Analysis. 3. Lubrication and lubricants—Analysis. I. Totten, George E. II. Westbrook, Steven R., 1956-III. Shah, Rajesh J., 1969-IV. Series. TP321.F84 2003 662',6—dc21 2003049604 Copyright © 2003 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or edu cational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http://www. copyright.com/. Printed in Glen Bumie, MD June 2003 har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Foreword This publication, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Fuels and Lubri cants and edited by George E. Totten, G. E. Totten & Associates, LLC, Seattle, Wash ington. The section editors were Steven R. Westbrook, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; and Rajesh J. Shah, Koehler Instrument Company, Bohemia, New York. This publication is Manual 37 of ASTM's manual series. har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Contents Preface—George E. Totten, Steven R. Westbropk, and Rajesh J. Shah ix I. PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES FOR FUELS AND LUBRICANT BASESTOCKS—^o/esfe /. Shah, Section Editor Chapter 1—Petroleum Oil Refining 3 Marvin S. Rakow II. FUELS: PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE— Steven R. Westbrook, Section Editor Chapter 2—Liquefied Petroleiun Gas 31 Roberts. Falkiner Chapter 3—Motor Gasoline 61 B. Hamilton and Robert J. Falkiner Chapter 4—Aviation Fuels 89 Kurt H. Strauss Chapter 5—^Automotive Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels 115 Steven R. Westbrook and Richard he Cren Chapter 6—Introduction to Marine Petroleum Fuels 145 Matthew F. Winkler III. HYDROCARBONS AND SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS: PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE—/?a;es/i/. Shah, Section Editor Chapter 7—Hydrocarbon Base Oil Chemistry 169 Arthur J. Stipanovic Chapter 8—Hydrocarbons for Chemical and Specialty Uses 185 Dennis W. Brunett, George E. Totten, and Paul M. Matlock Chapter 9—Additives and Additive Chemistry 199 Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 10—Synthetic Lubricants: Nonaqueous 249 Thomas F. Buenemann, Steve Boyde, Steve Randies, and Ian Thompson Chapter 11—Environmentally Friendly Oils 267 Hubertus Murrenhoff and Andreas Remmelmann Chapter 12—Turbine Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids 297 W. David Phillips har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. vi CONTENTS Chapter 13—Hydraulic Fliiids 353 Willie A. Givens and Paul W. Michael Chapter 14—Compressor Lubricants 383 Desh Garg, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 15—Refrigeration Lubricants—Properties and Applications 413 H. Harvey Michels and Tobias H. Sienel Chapter 16—Gear Lubricants 431 Vasudevan Bala Chapter 17—Automotive Lubricants 465 Shirley E. Schwartz, Simon C. Tung, and Michael L. McMillan Chapter 18—Metalworking and Machining Fluids 497 Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 19—Petroleum Waxes 525 G. Ali Mansoori, H. Lindsey Barnes, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 20—Lubricating Greases 557 Thomas M. Verdura, Glen Brunette, and Rajesh Shah Chapter 21—Mineral Oil Heat Transfer Fluids 573 John Fuhr, Jim Oetinger, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 22—Non-Lubricating Process Fluids: Steel Quenching Technology 587 Bozidar Liscic, Hans M. Tensi, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster rv. PERFORMANCE/PROPERTY TESTING PROCEDURES— Steven R. Westbrook and Rajesh J. Shah, Section Editors Chapter 23—Static Petroleum Measurement 635 Lee Oppenheim Chapter 24—Hydrocarbon Analysis 649 James C. Fitch and Mark Barnes Chapter 25—Volatility 675 Rey G. Montemayor Chapter 26—Elemental Analysis 707 R. Kishore Nadkami Chapter 27—Diesel Fuel Combustion Characteristics 717 Thomas W. Ryan HI Chapter 28—Engineering Sciences of Aerospace Fuels 729 Eric M. Goodger Chapter 29—Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Pitch, Petroleum Coke, and Carbon Materials 757 Semih Eser and John M. Andresen har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. CONTENTS vii Chapter 30—Oxidation of Lubricants and Fuels 787 Gerald J. Cochrac and Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 31—Corrosion 825 Maureen E. Hunter and Robert F. Baker Chapter 32—Flow Properties and Shear StabiUty 833 Robert E. Manning and M. Richard Hoover Chapter 33—Cold Flow Properties 879 Robert E. Manning and M. Richard Hoover Chapter 34—Environmental Characteristics of Fuels and Lubricants 885 Mark L. Hinman Chapter 35—Lubrication and Tribology Fundamentals 909 Hong Liang, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 36—Bench Test Modeling 963 Lavem D. Wedeven Chapter 37—Lubricant Friction and Wear Testing 1017 Michael Anderson and Frederick E. Schmidt Chapter 38—Statistical Quality Assurance of Measurement Processes for Petroleiun and Petroleum Products 1043 Alex T. C. Lau Index 1061 har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Preface There are many books on various aspects of fuels and lubricant chemistry, applications, and testing. However, few focus on testing and none provide extensive, in-depth cover age on fluid properties and testing methodologies together. And while there are nu merous national and international standards that deal with specific testing procedures appropriate for fuels and lubricants, it is generally beyond the scope of these proce dures to provide an extensive discussion of the principles behind the tests and their re lationship to the properties themselves. Therefore, there is a strong need to address these informational shortcomings in the Fuels and Lubricants industry, which is one of the most significant tasks undertaken in this work. The ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Perfor mance, and Testing is an extensive, in-depth, well-referenced handbook that provides a detailed overview of various testing methodologies and also provides a thorough overview of the applications-related properties being tested. Since this manual provides an overview of all of the ASTM and important non-ASTM test procedures relating to the application areas addressed, it is an excellent companion text to the Annual Book of ASTM Book of Standards, or it is an invaluable reference manual on its own. The organization of the ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Prop erties, Performance, and Testing is based approximately on the committee structure of the ASTM D.02 Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants Committee and the standards for which each committee is responsible. The information in this text is subdivided into four sections: I-Petroleum Refining Processes for Fuels and Lubricant Basestocks; II-Fuels; Ill-Hydrocarbons and Synthetic Lubricants; and IV-Performance/Property Testing Procedures. This manual contains thirty-eight chapters covering the following topics: • An overview of petroleum oil refining processes • Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) • Aviation, automotive diesel, non-aviation gas turbine, and marine fuels • Gasoline and oxygenated fuel blends • Petroleum hydrocarbon base oil chemistry • Synthetic hydrocarbons • Environmentally friendly fluids including those formulated from vegetable oil and synthetic ester basestocks • Lubricating oils for turbines, compressors (industrial and refrigeration), gears, and automotive applications • Metalworking fluids • Petroleum waxes • Lubricating greases • Oils used in non-lubricating applications: heat transfer fluids and metal quenchants • Detailed discussion on: static petroleum measurement, volatility, elemental analysis, fuel combustion characteristics, oxidation, corrosion and viscosity • Properties of coke, petroleum pitch, and carbon materials • Hydrocarbon structural analysis procedures • An extensive discussion of lubrication and wear • Environmental and toxicity testing • Statistical quality assurance testing procedures Essentially, all of the numerous important applications and test methods involved in the Fuels and Lubricants industry are discussed and referenced here. We strongly believe that this book will be an invaluable resource for anyone working in this industry, especially since this information is not available in any other single source. ix har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. X PREFACE The preparation of a text of this scope was an enormous task involving many people. The editors are deeply indebted to the authors for their hard work and incredible pa tience. Specicd thanks go to Monica Siperko and Kathy Demoga at ASTM for their con tinued support and encouragement throughout the development of this text. The edi tors are especially indebted to their families for many evenings and weekends lost to this project. We Eilso acknowledge the vital support of Southwest Research Institute and the Koehler Instrument Corporation. George E. Totten General Editor G.E. Totten & Associates, LLC. Seattle, WA, USA Steven R. Westbrook Section Editor-Fuels Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX, USA Rajesh J. Shah Section Editor-Lubricants Koehler Instrument Company Bohemia, NY, USA har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. Section I: Petroleum Refining Processes for Fuels and Lubricant Basestocks Rajesh J. Shah, Section Editor har 12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 22 04:00:30 EDT 2014 ont TimDeos-wBnololdaded/printed by olor redUniversity of Virginia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. os 10 10 enter on This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.
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