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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Editor-in-Chief: O.Hutzinger Volume5 Water Pollution PartR AdvisoryBoard: D.Barceló·P.Fabian·H.Fiedler·H.Frank·J.P.Giesy·R.A.Hites M.A.K.Khalil·D.Mackay·A.H.Neilson·J.Paasivirta·H.Parlar S.H.Safe·P.J.Wangersky TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry RecentlyPublishedandForthcoming Volumes EnvironmentalSpecimenBanking EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrialand VolumeEditors:S.A.WiseandP.P.R.Becker MunicipalWaste Vol.3/S VolumeEditors:D.BarcelóandM.Petrovic Vol.5/S Polymers:ChancesandRisks VolumeEditors:P.Eyerer,M.Weller MarineOrganicMatter:Biomarkers, andC.Hübner IsotopesandDNA Vol.3/V VolumeEditor:J.K.Volkman Vol.2/N,2005 TheRhine VolumeEditor:T.P.Knepper EnvironmentalPhotochemistryPartII Vol.5/L,03.2006 VolumeEditors:P.Boule,D.Bahnemann andP.Robertson PersistentOrganicPollutants Vol.2/M,2005 intheGreatLakes VolumeEditor:R.A.Hites AirQualityinAirplaneCabins Vol.5/N,2006 andSimilarEnclosedSpaces VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking AntifoulingPaintBiocides Vol.4/H,2005 VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou Vol.5/O,2006 EnvironmentalEffects ofMarineFinfishAquaculture Estuaries VolumeEditor:B.T.Hargrave VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol.5/M,2005 Vol.5/H,2006 TheMediterraneanSea TheCaspianSeaEnvironment VolumeEditor:A.Saliot VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev Vol.5/K,2005 Vol.5/P,2005 EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofRecycled TheBlackSeaEnvironment WastesonSurfaceandGroundWaters VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev EngineeringModelingandSustainability Vol.5/Q VolumeEditor:T.A.Kassim Vol.5/F(3Vols.),2005 OxidantsandAntioxidantDefenseSystems VolumeEditor:T.Grune Vol.2/O,2005 Fuel Oxygenates Volume Editor: Damià Barceló Withcontributionsby E.Arvin·A.Babé·D.Barceló·L.Bastiaens·C.Baus·H.-J.Brauch L.Debor·J.Fawell·F.Fayolle-Guichard·A.Fischer·C.W.Greer M.M.Häggblom·M.A.Jochmann·D.Labbé·S.Lacorte M.Martienssen·D.McGregor·F.Monot·M.Moran·C.Oehm H.-H.Richnow·M.Rosell·M.Schirmer·J.E.Schmidt T.C.Schmidt·C.Stefan·H.D.Stupp·P.Werner·C.K.Waul 123 Environmentalchemistryisaratheryoungandinterdisciplinaryfieldofscience.Itsaimisacomplete descriptionoftheenvironmentandoftransformationsoccurringonalocalorglobalscale.Environ- mentalchemistryalsogivesanaccountoftheimpactofman’sactivitiesonthenaturalenvironmentby describingobservedchanges. TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryprovidesthecompilationoftoday’sknowledge.Contribu- tionsarewrittenbyleadingexpertswithpracticalexperienceintheirfields.TheHandbookwillgrow withtheincreaseinourscientificunderstandingandshouldprovideavaluablesourcenotonlyfor scientists,butalsoforenvironmentalmanagersanddecision-makers. TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryispublishedinaseriesoffivevolumes: Volume1:TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCycles Volume2:ReactionsandProcesses Volume3:AnthropogenicCompounds Volume4:AirPollution Volume5:WaterPollution TheseriesVolume1TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCyclesdescribesthenatural environmentandgivesanaccountoftheglobalcyclesforelementsandclassesofnaturalcompounds. TheseriesVolume2ReactionsandProcessesisanaccountofphysicaltransport,andchemicaland biologicaltransformationsofchemicalsintheenvironment. The series Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds describes synthetic compounds, and compound classesaswellaselementsandnaturallyoccurringchemicalentitieswhicharemobilizedbyman’s activities. TheseriesVolume4AirPollutionandVolume5WaterPollutiondealwiththedescriptionofcivilization’s effectsontheatmosphereandhydrosphere. Withintheindividualseriesarticlesdonotappearinapredeterminedsequence.Instead,weinvite contributorsasourknowledgematuresenoughtowarrantahandbookarticle. SuggestionsfornewtopicsfromthescientificcommunitytomembersoftheAdvisoryBoardortothe Publisherareverywelcome. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007927987 ISSN1433-6863 ISBN978-3-540-72640-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork DOI10.1007/978-3-540-72641-8 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad- casting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationof thispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw ofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007 Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsence ofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulations andthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg TypesettingandProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig Printedonacid-freepaper 02/3180YL–543210 Editor-in-Chief Prof.em.Dr.OttoHutzinger UniversitätBayreuth c/oBadIschlOffice Grenzweg22 5351Aigen-Vogelhub,Austria [email protected] VolumeEditor Prof.Dr.DamiàBarceló Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry IIQAB-CSIC JordiGirona,18–26 08034Barcelona,Spain [email protected] AdvisoryBoard Prof.Dr.D.Barceló Prof.Dr.J.P.Giesy Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry DepartmentofZoology IIQAB-CSIC MichiganStateUniversity JordiGirona,18–26 EastLansing,MI48824-1115,USA 08034Barcelona,Spain [email protected] [email protected] Prof.Dr.R.A.Hites Prof.Dr.P.Fabian IndianaUniversity LehrstuhlfürBioklimatologie SchoolofPublic undImmissionsforschung andEnvironmentalAffairs derUniversitätMünchen Bloomington,IN47405,USA Hohenbachernstraße22 [email protected] 85354Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany Prof.Dr.M.A.K.Khalil Dr.H.Fiedler DepartmentofPhysics ScientificAffairsOffice PortlandStateUniversity UNEPChemicals ScienceBuildingII,Room410 11–13,chemindesAnémones P.O.Box751 1219Châteleine(GE),Switzerland Portland,OR97207-0751,USA hfi[email protected] [email protected] Prof.Dr.H.Frank Prof.Dr.D.Mackay LehrstuhlfürUmwelttechnik DepartmentofChemicalEngineering undÖkotoxikologie andAppliedChemistry UniversitätBayreuth UniversityofToronto Postfach101251 Toronto,ON,M5S1A4,Canada 95440Bayreuth,Germany VI Prof.Dr.A.H.Neilson Prof.Dr.S.H.Safe SwedishEnvironmentalResearchInstitute DepartmentofVeterinary P.O.Box21060 PhysiologyandPharmacology 10031Stockholm,Sweden CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine [email protected] TexasA&MUniversity CollegeStation,TX77843-4466,USA Prof.Dr.J.Paasivirta [email protected] DepartmentofChemistry Prof.P.J.Wangersky UniversityofJyväskylä Survontie9 UniversityofVictoria P.O.Box35 CentreforEarthandOceanResearch 40351Jyväskylä,Finland P.O.Box1700 Victoria,BC,V8W3P6,Canada Prof.Dr.Dr.H.Parlar [email protected] InstitutfürLebensmitteltechnologie undAnalytischeChemie TechnischeUniversitätMünchen 85350Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry AlsoAvailableElectronically ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertoTheHandbookofEnvironmen- talChemistry,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfreeofcharge. Pleasecontactyourlibrarianwhocanreceiveapasswordorfreeaccesstothe fullarticlesbyregisteringat: springerlink.com Ifyoudonothaveasubscription,youcanstillviewthetablesofcontentsofthe volumesandtheabstractofeacharticlebygoingtotheSpringerLinkHome- page,clickingon“BrowsebyOnlineLibraries”,then“ChemicalSciences”,and finallychooseTheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry. Youwillfindinformationaboutthe – EditorialBoard – AimsandScope – InstructionsforAuthors – SampleContribution atspringer.comusingthesearchfunction. Preface EnvironmentalChemistryisarelativelyyoungscience.Interestinthissubject, however,isgrowingveryrapidlyand,althoughnoagreementhasbeenreached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears tobe increasing interest in seeing environmental topicswhich are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of naturalchemicalprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment.Amajorpurpose ofthisseriesonEnvironmentalChemistry,therefore,istopresentareasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemicalreactionsoccurringintheenvironment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ- mental Chemistry. We have nowsynthesized and described over five million chemicalcompoundsandchemicalindustryproducesabouthundredandfifty milliontonsofsyntheticchemicalsannually.Weshipbillionsoftonsofoilper yearandthroughminingoperationsandothergeophysicalmodifications,large quantities ofinorganic andorganicmaterials arereleased fromtheir natural deposits.Citiesandmetropolitanareasofupto15millioninhabitantsproduce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into theenvironmenteitherduringproduction,storage,transport,useorultimate disposal.Thesereleased materials participateinnaturalcyclesandreactions andfrequentlyleadtointerferenceanddisturbanceofnaturalsystems. EnvironmentalChemistryisconcernedwithreactionsintheenvironment. Itisaboutdistributionandequilibriabetweenenvironmentalcompartments. Itisabout reactions, pathways, thermodynamicsandkinetics. Animportant purpose of this Handbook, is to aid understanding of the basic distribution andchemicalreactionprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment. Lawsregulatingtoxicsubstancesinvariouscountriesaredesignedtoassess and controlrisk ofchemicals toman andhisenvironment. Science cancon- tributeintwoareastothisassessment;firstlyintheareaoftoxicologyandsec- ondlyintheareaofchemicalexposure.Theavailableconcentration(“environ- mentalexposureconcentration”)dependsonthefateofchemicalcompounds intheenvironmentandthustheirdistributionandreactionbehaviourinthe environment.OneveryimportantcontributionofEnvironmentalChemistryto X Preface theabovementionedtoxicsubstanceslawsistodeveloplaboratorytestmeth- ods,ormathematicalcorrelationsandmodelsthatpredicttheenvironmental fateofnewchemicalcompounds.ThethirdpurposeofthisHandbookistohelp inthebasicunderstandinganddevelopmentofsuchtestmethodsandmodels. ThelastexplicitpurposeoftheHandbookistopresent,inconciseform,the most important properties relating to environmental chemistry and hazard assessmentforthemostimportantseriesofchemicalcompounds. AtthemomentthreevolumesoftheHandbookareplanned.Volume1deals withthenaturalenvironmentandthebiogeochemicalcyclestherein, includ- ing somebackgroundinformationsuchasenergetics andecology.Volume 2 isconcernedwithreactionsandprocessesintheenvironmentanddealswith physicalfactorssuchastransportandadsorption,andchemical,photochem- ical and biochemical reactions in the environment, as well as some aspects ofpharmacokineticsandmetabolismwithinorganisms.Volume3dealswith anthropogeniccompounds,theirchemicalbackgrounds,productionmethods and information about their use, their environmental behaviour, analytical methodologyandsomeimportantaspectsoftheirtoxiceffects.Thematerial forvolume1,2and3waseachmorethancouldeasilybefittedintoasinglevol- ume,andforthisreason,aswellasforthepurposeofrapidpublicationofavail- ablemanuscripts,allthreevolumesweredividedinthepartsAandB.PartAof allthreevolumesisnowbeingpublishedandthesecondpartofeachofthese volumesshouldappearaboutsixmonthsthereafter.Publisherandeditorhope tokeepmaterialsofthevolumesonetothreeuptodateandtoextendcoverage inthesubjectareasbypublishingfurtherpartsinthefuture.Plansalsoexistfor volumesdealingwithdifferentsubjectmattersuchasanalysis,chemicaltech- nology and toxicology, and readers are encouraged to offer suggestions and adviceastofutureeditionsof“TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry”. Mostchapters intheHandbookarewrittentoafairly advanced level and shouldbeofinteresttothegraduatestudentandpractisingscientist.Ialsohope thatthesubject mattertreatedwillbeofinteresttopeopleoutsidechemistry and toscientists in industry aswell asgovernment and regulatorybodies. It wouldbeverysatisfyingformetoseethebooksusedasabasisfordeveloping graduatecoursesinEnvironmentalChemistry. Duetothebreadthofthesubjectmatter,itwasnoteasytoeditthisHand- book.Specialistshadtobefoundinquitedifferentareasofsciencewhowere willingtocontributeachapterwithintheprescribedschedule.Itiswithgreat satisfactionthatIthankall52authorsfrom8countriesfortheirunderstanding andfordevotingtheirtimetothiseffort.SpecialthanksareduetoDr.F.Boschke ofSpringerforhisadviceanddiscussionsthroughoutallstagesofpreparation oftheHandbook.Mrs.A.HeinrichofSpringerhassignificantlycontributedto thetechnicaldevelopmentofthebookthroughherconscientiousandefficient work.FinallyIliketothankmyfamily,studentsandcolleaguesforbeingsopa- tientwithmeduringseveralcriticalphasesofpreparationfortheHandbook, andtosomecolleaguesandthesecretariesfortechnicalhelp.
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