FTEA Glossary image.qxd

116 Pages·2003·0.83 MB·English

by  Swets Swets

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FLORA OF TROPICAL EAST AFRICA
GLOSSARY
HENKBEENTJE& MARTINCHEEK
3 Illustrations by Juliet Williamson
1
20 INTRODUCTION
l
i
r This glossary contains all the terms used in the old FTEA glossary, which was a
p
A reprint of that of the Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1927;
2 Keay, 1954; henceforth abbreviated as FWTA) plus the terms we have gleaned from
1 reading through the parts of the Flora of East Tropical Africa, (FTEA), published so
1
5 far.
:
0
0 The layout is as follows:
t
a 1. terms in alphabetical order, including those that are ambiguous or peculiar (but
y] indicating them as such), and those that are preferred when several terms are
ar used for the same definition; we also give antonyms, or the term with the opposite
br meaning to the definition.
Li 2. terms by subject (e.g. indument), with full-page plates of recommended terms.
l
a
t We have not included Greek or Latin roots of terms, as these are provided by
i
g
i Radcliffe-Smith (1998).
D
We have omitted those terms that can be found in standard English dictionaries,
di such as “zig-zag”.
u
a
S As we have included all terms which we thought worthy of definition, the present
[
y glossary is a bit of a mish-mash; it includes descriptive botanical terms, nomenclatural
b terms, vegetation terms, anatomical terms, geological terms, etc. We would appreciate
d
e suggestions and criticisms, as we would like to expand the scope of this glossary for a
d future general botanical glossary, not restricted to the Flora of tropical East Africa.
a
o
l
n A note on terms with several meanings: we indicate what definition is preferred,
w
and which terms are unusual or not recommended. Of course, this holds true only
o
D for FTEA; world-wide decisions on meanings of terms cannot be made by us alone.
However, we believe it is useful to indicate our preferences; in scientific language a
plurality of meanings for a single term is deplorable.
In the time-honoured tradition of glossaries, we have plundered and cherry-picked
happily from definitions given by many who went before us. The following
publications in particular have been consulted:
Flora of Tropical East Africa, all volumes up to December 2001 and with authors
of forthcoming parts consulted on specialist terms.
Bell A.D. 1991. Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology.
Oxford University Press.
Cutler D.F. 1978. Applied plant anatomy. Longmans, London.
1
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Dransfield J. 1986. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Palmae. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Dransfield J. & Beentje H. 1996. Lexicon Palmarum. Editions Champflour, Marly-
le-Roi.
Dressler R.L. 1993. Phylogeny & classification of the Orchid family. Cambridge
University Press.
Exell A.W. & Wild H. 1960. Flora Zambesiaca 1(1): 42–54. Crown Agents, London.
Featherly H.I. 1954. Taxonomic terminology of the higher plants. Iowa State College
Press, Ames.
Goode D. 1989. Cycads of Africa. Struik Winchester, Cape Town.
Greenway P.J. 1973. A classification of the vegetation of East Africa. In: Kirkia 9 (1):
1–68.
Greuter W., McNeill J., Barrie F.R., Burdet H.M., Demoulin V., Filgueiras T.S.,
3 Nicholson D.H., Silva P.C., Skog J.E., Trehane P., Turland N.J., Hawksworth D.L.
1 (eds). 2000. International code of botanical nomenclature. Koeltz, Königstein.
0 Harris J.G. & Woolf Harris M. 2001. Plant identification terminology: an illustrated
2
l glossary, 2nded. Spring Lake Publishing, Utah.
i
pr Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa - glossary, pp 13–23
A in Vol. 1, part 1. Crown Agents, London.
2 Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M. 1954. (revised by Keay R.W.J.) Flora of West Tropical
1
1 Africa. Crown Agents, London.- glossary, pp 17–28 in Vol. 1, part 1.
5 Hickey M. & King C. 2000. The Cambridge illustrated glossary of botanical terms.
0: Cambridge University Press.
0
t Jackson B.D. 1928 (4th ed.). A glossary of botanic terms. Duckworth, London.
a Jeffrey C. 1989. Biological nomenclature, 3rded. Edward Arnold, London.
y] Lawrence G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. Macmillan, New York.
ar (glossary pp. 737–775)
r
b Lincoln R., Boxshall G., Clark P. 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and
i
L systematics. Cambridge University Press.
l Linnaeus C. 1751. Philosophia botanica. Kiesewetter, Stockholm.
a
it Lindley J. 1832; 4th ed. 1848. An introduction to botany. Longman, London.
g
i Lindley J. 1847. The elements of botany. Bradbury & Evans, London.
D
McCusker A. 1999. Glossary, pp. 585–636 in Flora of Australia 1, ed. 2. ABRS/CSIRO,
i
d Melbourne.
u
a Paine W.W. 1978. A glossary of plant hair terminology. Brittonia 30: 239–255.
S Phillips S. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia & Eritrea, vol. 7: Poaceae. Glossary, pp. 369–374.
[
y National Herbarium, Addis Ababa & Uppsala University.
b Polhill D. 1988. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Index of collecting localities. Royal
d
e Botanic Gardens, Kew.
d Polunin O. & Walters M. 1985. A guide to the vegetation of Britain and Europe.
a
o Oxford University Press.
l
n Radcliffe-Smith A. 1998. Three-language list of botanical name components. Royal
w
o Botanic Gardens, Kew.
D Radford A.E., Dickison W.C., Massey J.R. & Bell C.R. 1974. Vascular plant systematics.
Harper & Row, New York.
Raunkiaer C. 1937. Plant life forms. Clarendon Press, Oxford. (original Danish
edition 1907).
Rickett H.W.: various articles on botanical terms, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 1–15,
188–198 (1954); 82: 419–445 (1955); 83: 342–354 (1956).
Riley D. & Young A. 1972. World Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, London.
Schelpe E.A.C.L.E. 1970. Flora Zambesiaca: Pteridophyta. Crown Agents, London.
Simpson J.A. & Weiner E.S.C. 1989. The Oxford English dictionary, 2nd ed.
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Soerianegara I. & Lemmens R.H.M.J. (eds). 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia
5(1): Timber trees, major commercial timbers. Glossary, pp. 548–562. PUDOC,
Wageningen.
2
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Sporne K.R. 1974. The morphology of Angiosperms. Hutchinson, London.
Stearn W.T. 1973. Botanical Latin, 2ndedition. David & Charles, Newton Abbot.
Swartz D. 1971. Collegiate dictionary of botany. Ronald Press Co., New York.
Systematics Association committee for descriptive biological terminology. 1962. II:
terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes. Taxon 11(5): 145–156.
Usher G. 1966. A dictionary of botany. Constable, London.
Weberling F. 1992. Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Cambridge University
Press.
White F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa; a descriptive memoir. Unesco, Paris.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3
1 For general comments and suggestions on their specialist families we would like
0 to thank
2
l
i
r Peter Edwards,
p
A Shahina Ghazanfar,
2 David Goyder,
1 Madeleine Harley,
1
5 Nicholas Hind,
0: Bengt Jonsell,
0 Mike Lock,
t
a Jos van der Maesen,
y] Eimear NicLughada,
ar Gerald Pope,
br Alan Radcliffe-Smith,
Li Steve Renvoize,
l Rudi Schmid,
a
t Monika Shaffer-Fehre,
i
g
i Dave Simpson,
D
Bernard Verdcourt,
di Kaj Vollesen,
u
a Elizabeth Woodgyer,
S
[
y and the participants at the coffee-tables at Kew, for general discussions and filling in
b of questionnaires; also, last but not least, Margaret Newman, for ideas and much
d
e hard work on layout and typesetting.
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
3
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INDEX
1. symbols p. 5
2. suffixes p. 5
3. botanical terms p. 6
4. illustrations
· 3-dimensional shapes plate 1, p. 96
· 2-dimensional shapes plate 2–4, p. 97–99
· division and branching plate 5, p. 100
· arrangement and direction plate 6–7, p/ 101–102
· surface plate 8, p. 103
· indument plate 9, p. 104
3 · habit plate 10, p. 105
1 · roots and underground parts plate 10, p. 105
20 · stem plate 11, p. 106
l · leaf plate 12, p. 107
pri · inflorescence plate 13, p. 108
A · flower plate 14–16, p. 109–111
2 · fruit and seed plate 17–18, p. 112–113
51 1 ·· sfeerend ltienrgms, grass terms ppllaattee 1198,, pp.. 111143
0: · habitat types plate 20, p. 115
0
t
a
y] ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT:
r
a
r
b cf. – see also
i
L e.g.– for example
l pl. – plural
a
it q.v. – see also
g
i sing. – singular
D
vs. – opposite
i
d
u
a
S SYMBOLS USED IN ILLUSTRATIONS:
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o direction of growth
l
n
w flower
o
D
flower size denoting age,the
largest being the first to open
bracteole
4
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symbols/suffixes
SYMBOLS -form shaped like, as in dolabriform,
shaped like a hatchet
° degrees -gonalwith a certain number of angles
× hybrid -gonous-angled
> greater than -jugate (of leaflets) in pairs; 6-jugate, in
≥ greater than or equal to six pairs
± more or less
! seen by author
< smaller than
≤ smaller than or equal to
† destroyed
♀ female, pistillate
3 ♂ male, staminate
1 (cid:5) hermaphrodite
20 ∞ many, too many to be counted easily
il µ micrometre = 0.001 millimetre; µm unijugate trijugate
pr is now the official format
A µm micrometre = 0.001 millimetre -merousrefers to the number of parts of a
2 flower, e.g. 5-merous: in which the parts
1
1 are 5, or in 5’s
5 SUFFIXES -oidresembling
0: -ose giving adjectival qualities to the
0
t -aceous having the nature of, like, e.g. noun stem to which it is attached
a herbaceous, having the nature of a herb -partitedivided, usually to about half-way
y] -ate having a feature, e.g. carinate, -pinnate indicating the number of
ar meaning with a keel divisions: bipinnate/2-pinnate, with
r
b -carpousreferring to carpels the primary divisions themselves
i
L -cephalous = -headed as in mono- divided; tripinnate/3-pinnate, with the
l cephalous, one-headed secondary divisions themselves divided
a
it -escent becoming, e.g. glabrescent, -ploid the number of chromosome sets:
g
i becoming glabrous haploid, 1n; diploid, 2n; triploid, 3n;
D
-ferousbearing, producing tetraploid, 4n; polyploid, > 4n
i
d -fid ending denoting a split; bifid, split -sectsuffix, cut or divided to the base (in
u
a in two; trifid, split in three the manner indicated by the stem)
S -foliolate with a certain number of more deeply than -lobed, -fid or -partite
[
y leaflets: trifoliolate, with three leaflets e.g. pinnatisect, pinnately divided
b -ulate indicating a diminutive of the root
d
e of the word, e.g. mucronulate, bearing
d a minute mucro
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
bifoliolate trifoliolate
5
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a- actinomorphic
MAINGLOSSARY acaulescent without a stem (preferred
term for this is acaulous; the ending
a- prefix signifying lack of, as in –escent implies change)
achlorophyllose, lacking chlorophyll acaulous without a stem (or without a
abaxial the side of an organ that faces visible stem)
away from the axis which bears it; e.g. accentuated made clearer
the lower surface of a leaf. Opposite: accessory 1. (of buds) additional to
adaxial axillary buds, and assuming their
function; 2. (of branches) secondary
adaxial branches; 3. (of fruits) false fruits,
apex conspicuous but without other function
than attraction
3 acolyte sterile male flower found with
1 fertile female flower as a flower pair
0 in the inflorescence of Calamus
2
l base (specialist term used in Palmae, see
i
pr Dransfield 1986)
A abaxial accrescent increasing in length or
2 thickness with age (e.g. the calyx after
1
1 abbreviated shortened flowering)
5 abcissionsee abscission accumbent lying against (e.g. the cotyle-
0: aberrant different from the normal dons against the radicle)
0
t abortion suppression of parts which are acetabuliform saucer-shaped (unusual
a usually present, partway through their term used in Euphorbiaceae)
y] development; usually of flowers or fruits achene a small dry thin-walled fruit, not
ar abortive imperfectly developed, not splitting when ripe, and containing a
r
b grown to its normal size or function single seed (e.g. Compositae, Clematis)
i
L abrupt suddenly, not gradually acicular needle-shaped; very narrow,
l abruptly pinnate a pinnate leaf without stiff, and pointed (usually said of
a
it an odd terminal leaflet; same as leaf tips)
g
i paripinnate (the latter preferred)
D
abscission (also abscissing) (of leaves,
i
d rarely branches), detaching from the
u
a stems that bear them at a pre-
S determined place, the abscission acid soils soilswith pH < 7
[
y zone; cf. marcescent acropetal(-ous) in the direction of the
d b acanthophyll leaflet of a pinnate leaf apex. Opposite term basipetal (q.v.)
e modified in the form of a spine acroscopic (in ferns) facing towards the
ad (specialist term used in Palmae, see apex of the frond
o Dransfield & Beentje 1996) acrostichoid (of sporangia) resembling
l
n acarodomatia small pockets in leaves, in the arrangement in Acrostichum, with
w
o the axils of the veins on the abaxial the adaxial frond surface covered
D surface, theoretically harbouring mites with sporangia
(Acari); usually contracted to ‘domatia’ actinomorphic (of flowers) regular,
radially symmetric. Opposite term
zygomorphic
6
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actinostelic albuminous
actinostelic uninterrupted central vascular adnate attached to, surface to surface; usually
cylinder with radiating ribs said of different organs, e.g. stamen adnate
aculeate armed with prickles (as distinct to a petal; cf. connate, which is attached to,
from thorns) margin to margin
adnot. (Latin: adnotis) annotated on
specimen sheet; or a mention of a
species, but not as a main heading
adpressed (preferred term is appressed)
lying flat for its whole length
adventitious 1. (of buds) those pro-
aculei sharp points, prickles duced elsewhere than normal (such as
acuminatetapering to a long tip (usually leaf axils, shoot apices), e.g. those
3 of leaf tips) appearing with wounds; 2. (of roots)
1 lateral roots coming from organs
0 other than main root system, such as
2
l the stem (as in most monocotyledons)
i
pr aerial leaves (in aquatic plants) the leaves
A that are not submerged or floating
2 aerial roots roots emerging from the
1
1 plant wholly above the ground surface
5
:
0
0
t acute sharp, sharply pointed, the
a margins near the tip being almost
y] straight and forming an angle of <
ar 90°. Opposite: obtuse
r
b
i
L
l
a
t
i
g
i
D
i
d adapical towards the apex
u
a adaxial the side of an organ towards the aestivation the way in which sepals or
S axis on which it is inserted; e.g. the petals are folded/packed in bud; cf.
[
y upper surface of a leaf; opposite term: vernation for leaves
b abaxial aff. (Latin: affinis) near to the named
d
e taxon; not the same, but clearly related
d adaxial afro-alpine upper zone of mountains,
oa apex above the tree line (in Africa)
l
n agglomerated densely crowded, but not
w
o stuck together
D agglutinated stuck together
aggregate species a super-species, with
base
so much variation that several taxa are
thought to be involved
abaxial aggregated in a dense mass, the individual
parts touching
alae wings, lateral petals
adherent (of different organs) attached alate winged
but not fused albumen antiquated term for endosperm,
adjacent-ligular germination type where nutritive substance accompanying the
the shoot is carried out of the seed embryo
within the very short ligule of the albuminous with albumen, the nutritive
cotyledon (specialist term used in substance in the seed
Palmae, see Dransfield 1986)
7
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alete amphitropous
alete(of spore wall) without apertures alveolate with pits looking like a
alkaline with pH > 7 honeycomb
alkaloids organic basic nitrogenous
compounds, having physiological
action, found in plants
allomorphic of another form than usual
(rare term used in Euphorbiaceae)
allopatric of related taxa which do not
overlap in geographical range
allotetraploid a polyploid formed from a alveoli surface cavities or depressions,
combination of two different genomes like a honeycomb
(usually considered to originate from amber (colour) brownish yellow
3 two different species): AABB as ament a slender, often pendulous,
1 opposed to autotetraploid, AAAA cylindrical inflorescence with crowded
0
2 alluvial pertaining to alluvium soils (sub-) sessile unisexual apetalous
l alluvial flatsareas along rivers composed flowers, falling as a whole after
i
pr of sand or clays deposited by the river fruiting; also (preferably) called catkin
A alluvium soil of fine particles along
2 rivers, in valleys, lakes or river deltas,
1
1 deposited by running water
5 alternate inserted at different levels of
:
0 the axis; as distinct from opposite; cf.
0
t spiral phyllotaxy
a
]
y
r
a
r
b
i
L
al amentiferous bearing catkins
it amentiform resembling a catkin
g
i amino acids basic structural units of
D
i proteins
d amphibious plants adapted to life both
u
a on land and in water
S
amphicarpous applied to a small secondary
[
y inflorescence occurring at the base of
b
d the culm in certain genera of Cyperaceae,
e particularly Schoenoplectus
d
a amphitropous (of ovules) with the ovule
o alternipetalous alternating with the petals apex and the stalk base next to each
l
n other and with the embryo-sac
w
o curved. See also anatropous, hemi-
D anatropous, campylotropous and
orthotropous
stamen
petal
alternisepalous (of petals) alternating
with the sepals
8
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amplectant annual
amplectant of a structure that embraces androclinium (of orchid flowers) =
another; rarely used clinandrium (preferred term)
amplexicaul embracing the stem, e.g. androecium a collective term for the
the leaf base extending to the side of male sexual organs, the stamens
the stem opposite to the main blade androgynophore a stalk carrying both
stamens and carpels/ovary above the
insertion of the petals
3 ampulliform swollen in the shape of a
1 flask; e.g. the corolla in Erica
0
2
l
i
r
p
A androgynous hermaphrodite; with female
2 and male flowers in the same
1
1 inflorescence
5 andromonoecious with male and bisexual
0: flowers, but without female flowers
0
t androphore a stalk on which the stamens
a anadromous in ferns, when the first set are carried
y] of veins in each pinna or lobe points
ar towards the apex
r
b anantherous (used of filaments) without
i
L an anther
l anastomosing forming a network
a
t
i
g
i
D
i
d
u
a
S
[
y
b
d
e anemophilous wind-pollinated
d anastomosis union of one vein with angulate ±angular
a
o another, the connection forming a angularwith an edge, as where two planes
l
n network meet
w
o anatomy internal structure anisophyllous where the two opposite
D anatropous of an ovule, reversed; bent leaves at a node are of very unequal
parallel to its stalk so the micropyle is size or shape
close to the point of funiculus
attachment
annual completing its life cycle within
one year or one growing season; not
biennial or perennial
9
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annual shoot apex
annual shoot shoot sprouting from the anther collar(in Compositae) a region of
perennial root/stem system and swollen or otherwise demarcated cells
lasting only one growing season at the apex of the filament(s)
annular in the shape of a ring; used of antheridium (pl.antheridia)male sexual
any organs arranged in a circle organ in gametophyte of cryptogams
annulus ring; in ferns, the ring of thick- (female: archegonium)
walled cells involved in opening the antheriferous bearing anthers
sporangium antherodes remnants of anthers;
anomalous out of the ordinary, unlike staminodes
others in its group antherozoa male motile cells, produced
ante- before, in time or place; in front in antheridia
anterior positioned in front, turned anthesis time of pollination of the flower;
3 away from the axis time of receptivity of stigma, or
1 distribution of pollen; used more
0 loosely for when the flower is expanded
2
l antiopposed to, against
i
pr anticlinal perpendicular, at right angles
A to the surface
2 anticous most distant from axis, turning
1
1 away from axis
5 antipetalous opposite a petal, not
0: alternate with it; see also antisepalous
0 anterior
t posterior antisepalous opposite to a sepal, and
a not alternate with it; similar to
y] oppositisepalous; see also antipetalous/
ar oppositipetalous
r
b antesepalous opposite to a sepal, and antrorse pointing towards the distal
i
L notalternate with it; oppositisepalous end, upwards or forwards; opposite
l is a synonym; see also antipetalous term: retrorse
a
it ant-galls inflated, ultimately woody
g
i structures from the (usually) fused
D bases of stipules in some Acacia APEX
di species; hollow, and often inhabited antrorse
u
a by ants
S retrorse
[
y
b BASE
d
e
d
a
o antrorsely upward or forward
l
n aperturate with an opening, not closed
w
o apetalous without petals
D apex distal end, tip; opposite term: base
anther the part of the stamen containing apex
the pollen
(cid:2)
base
10