Table Of Content

Hosted for free on livelingua.com INTRODUCTION Conversational Finnish is the work of the FSI School of Language Studies Finnish teaching staff, under the direction of H. David Argoff. The work of the many staff members was coordinated by Aili Rytkönen-Bell, who also compiled the major part of the text material, including the structural notes. The staff contributed to the text material and provided welcome criticism at various stages of the wri ting process. Special contributions were made in· the following areas: Kaija Juusela did sorne of the illustrations and compiled most of the practice in pronunciation drills. Seija Levelä-Johnson edited the glossary and provided valuable advice on the classification of derivations. Lea Christiansen edited the structural notes. Heini Parko typed the text onto the word-processing system.· Pirjo Gezari helped with the Ulustrations and sang the national anthem on the tape. Marjukka Scheinin wrote the area studies readings. And last but not least, Kaija Wilson did the English translations and typed and corrected the earlier drafts. We also wish to thank the several generations of Finnish students for bearing with us during the development and field testing of this text and for giving us their much-appreciated suggestions and advice. Tapes were voiced by Aili Rytkönen-Bel!, Lea Christiansen, Harry von Fieandt, Juha-Pekka Rentto, and Kaija Wilson. The tapes were produced with the technical assistance of Mark Macklow of the FSI Language Laboratory, under the direction of Jose Ramirez. Anne Meagher, from the FSI Audio-Visual Facility, provided some of the illustrationsand designed the cover. The manuscript was edited by Hedy A. st. Denis. Arrangements for final publication were made by Ronald A. C. Goodison. Ambassador Raymond C. Ewing Dean, School of Language Studies Foreign Service Institute U.S. Department of State iii Hosted for free on livelingua.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 present tense of 'olla' - "to be" 32 To the student xi J -ko/-kö questions 33 How to USe the text xii K How to answer -ko/-kö (yes and no) questions 34 Notes on pronunciation P 1-16 L How to form questions 34 M word order 35 Vowe1s p-1 N Emphatic suffix -han/-hän 35 Diphthongs P-2 Consonants p-3 Getting to know the place UNIT II 1-50 G10tta1 stop p-5 A1phabet P-6 Hearing it 1 3 Vowe1 harmony p-7 Hearing it II 9 stress P-8 Hearing it 111 15 Intonation P-8 Comprehension exercises 22 sy11ab1e division P-9 Function practices 25 Consonant gradation P-9 Reading 26 Persona1 forms of some verbs structural notes 27 with regu1ar consonant gradation P-16 A Demonstrative pronouns in the singular 27 B Interrogative pronouns in the singular 27 PHASE 1 UNITS I-IV C How to express the definite "the," and indefinite "a,an," "there is," Getting to know you UNIT 1 1-35 "there is not" 28 ----------------------------------------------- D Nominative singular basic form 29 Hearing it 1 4 E Nominative plural 30 Hearing it II 10 F Genitive (possessive) singular comprehension exercises 21 -n - "of, 's" 30 Function practices 23 G Cases indicating 10cation 32 Reading 24 H Inessive -ssa/-ssä - "in· 33 structura1 notes 25 1 Elative -sta/-stä - "out of, from" 34 A Personai pronouns 25 J Illative -(h)Vn - "into· 35 B Present tense affirmative 26 K Adessive -11a/-11ä - "on" 36 C Case endings 27 L Ablative -lta/-ltä - "from on" 36 D persona1 pronouns in allative 28 M Allative -lIe - "onto" 37 E How to express "to have" 29 N Some common, extended and sometimes F Possessive pronouns 30 unpredictable uses of locatives 37 G Possessive suffixes 30 o which case to use and when 39 H Present tense negative 32 P stern with the possessive suffix 42 v Hosted for free on livelingua.com Q Adverbs of place 44 B past tense affirmative 20 R Numerals 47 C Changes in the stern before the past S Imperative of second person p1ural tense marker -i 21 and poli te form 50 D Past tense negative 24 E past active partieiple 25 what would you like? UNIT III 1-38 F present perfeet tense ·have done something- 26 Hearing it I 3 G Past perfect tense Hearing it II 9 -had done something- 27 Comprehension exercises 16 H Imperative of seeond person singular 28 Function practiees 17 'sinä' Reading 19 I Negative imperative of second person 29 structural notes 20 J Third infinitive 29 A Partitive singular -a/-ä, -ta/-tä - K Time expressions answering the question ·some, part of- 20 'milloin/koska' - -when- 31 B predicate noun and adjective in the singular - after 'on' 22 PHASE II UNITS V-XIV C predieate noun and adjective in the singular - after 'ei ole' 23 Scenes 1-4 UNIT V 1-36 D Accusative 24 E Direct objeet 25 Entering the country 3 F 'Hikä' a·nd singular demonstrative At the hotel 5 pronouns 27 Making a telephone call 7 G First infinitive (basic form) of verbs 29 At the restaurant 9 fl How to find the stern of a verb in order Comprehension exereises 14 to conjugate it 31 Function practices 16 I Adjecti ves with nouns 34 Reading 17 J Nominals ending in -i 35 structural notes 20 K Nominals ending in -si 36 A 'Täytyy/pitää/tulee'- L Nominals ending in _el 37 -must, have to- 20 B Time expressions - how to express -for-21 Small talk UNIT IV 1-32 C Words ending in -as/-äs, -is 23 D Nouns ending in -in 24 Hearing it I 3 E Nouns ending in -us/-ys, -uus/-yys, Hearing it II 9 -os/-ös 25 Comprehension exercises 15 F Present active conditional 26 Function practices 18 G Adverbs 29 Reading 19 H Indefinite pronouns 'joku, jokin' - structural notes 20 -some, somebody, something- 30 A Nominals ending in -nen 20 vi Hosted for free on livelingua.com 1 'Mikään, ei mikään' - 8 plural forms of interrogative -anything, nothing- 32 pronouns -'kuka, mikä' - -who, what, 'Kukaan, ei kukaan' which w 21 -anybody, nobody- 32 C Plural forms of longer words 22 'Koskaan, ei koskaan' - -ever, never- 32 D Essive -na/-nä - Maa, in the J Particles -kin, -kaa~/-kään - capacity of, in the state of being X- 25 W -also, even,- -not either, not even- 35 E Abeasive -tta/-ttä - -without 26 F 'Kukin' - -each- 27 Scenes 5-6 UNIT VI 1-32 G Past passive tense 28 H How to form the past passive A beauty salon and a barbershop 3 participle 29 ordering a taxi 5 1 Some additional interrogative and At stockmann's department store 7 indefinite pronouns 29 Comprehension exercises 17 Function practices· 18 scenes 13-16 UNIT VIII 1-28 Reading 19 structural notes 20 At the bank 3 A Present passive voice 20 sending a telegram 5 8 Plural of nominals 22 on a trip to the countryside 7 C Genitive plural 25 In the sauna 9 D Predicate noun and adjective Comprehension exercises 18 1n the plural 26 Function practices 20 E Translative -ksi/-kse- 26 Reading 22 F Some additional indefinite pronouns 28 structura1 notes 23 G HOW to express -there are- 31 A Past active conditional - H some derivational notes 32 -would have- 23 8 Tenses and conditional forms of Scenes 9-12 UNIT VII 1-30 'täytyy/pitää/tulee' - wmust, have to, would have to W 24 In the bus 3 C comparative of adjectives 25 w At the market 5 D 'Yhtä••• kuin' - was ••• as 27 At the gas station 9 E Comparative of adverbs 28 At the post office 11 F Some idioms 28 Comprehension exercises lB Funct10n practices 19 Scenes 17-19 UNIT IX 1-32 Reading 20 Structural notes 21 Renting an apartment 3 A plural forms of demonstrative Evening out, date 7 pronouns - 'tämä, tuo, se' - At the travel agency 9 -this, that, it- 21 Comprehension exercises 16 vii Hosted for free on livelingua.com Function practices 19 C Present active participle Reading 20 as an adjective 25 structural notes 23 D past active participle A present passive perfect tense 23 as an adjective 26 B past passive perfect tense 23 E past passive participle C Superlative of adjectives 24 as an adjective 27 D Super1ative of adverbs 26 E prepositions 27 Geography UNIT XII 1-22 F Postpositions 28 G Adjectives ending in -ton/-tön, Geography 3 -rnaton/-mätön - --less, un-/in-- 31 City picture 9 Cornprehension exercises 12 Scenes 20-22 UNIT x 1-24 Reading 15 Function practices 16 Physical fitness 3 structural notes 17 Medicine 5 A -Ernbedded sentences- - Kinship 9 'lauseenvastikkeet ' 17 Cornprehension exercises 15 B 'Agenttipartisiippi' - ernbedded Function practices 17 sentence 17 Reading 19 C present passive participle 19 structural notes 20 D 'Että ' -clause as an object in the A Fourth infinitive 20 active voice - ernbedded sentence 20 B Present passive conditional - E 'Että'-clause' as a subject - -would be done- 22 embedded sentence 21 C HOW to forrn the passive stern 22 F Instructive -(i)n -by, with- etc. 22 D past passive conditional - -would have been done- 23 Ho1idays and church UNIT XIII 1-24 E Re1ative pronoun 'joka' - -who/that/which- 24 Ho1idays 3 Church 7 Weather UNIT XI 1-28 cornprehension exercises 15 Reading 17 Weather in summer 3 Function practices 18 weather in winter 7 structura1 notes 19 Cornprehension exercises 16 A First.infinitive -kse- (longer form) Reading 21 - -in order to- 20 Function practices 22 B second infinitive inessive structura1 notes 23 -e-ssa/-ssä 20 A Ordina1 numbers 23 C second infinitive instructive B Participles as adjectives 25 -e-n - -by doing sornething- 21 viii Hosted for free on livelingua.com D -while--clause - embedded sentence 21 E -After--clause - embedded sentence 23 Appendix II 1-10 Shoct review of infinitives Finnish society UNIT XIV 1-31 and par ticip1es II-1 Education 3 when to use infinitives II-2 Government 5 When to use pacticip1es II-4 'Agenttipartisiippi' II-7 Law and justice 7 Embedded sentences II-8 social security 9 National anthem 13 ---------------------------~-------------------- Reading 20 Appendix 1II 1-4 Comprehension exercises 21 Function practices 24 chart of nominal dec1ensions 111-1 structural notes 25 Conjugational types of Verbs III-2 A present active potential 25 when to use the various cases 111-3 B Present passive potential 26 Nominal declensions (sample) 111-4 C Past active potential 27 D Past passive potential 27 Appendix IV 1-4 E Review of passive tenses 28 F Comitative -ne - -with- 29 Which stern to use with nominals IV-1 G Imperative - first person plural - Which stern to use with verbs lV-2 -let's- 30 H Irnperative - third person singu1ar - Appendix V 1-4 -let him/her do X, may he/she do X- 30 Most comrnon Finnish abbceviations V-l 1 Imperative - third person plural - -let them do X, may they do X- 31 J Imperative passive - -let X be done, Appendix VI 1-32 may X be done- 31 Texts for the taped cornprehension APPENDICES I-VII exercises VI-l Appendix I 1-16 Appendix VII 1-4 _________________________________ L _ How Finnish forms words 1-1 Index of structura1 notes VII-1 Nouns formed through derivation 1-3 Adjectives formed through ~erivation 1-8 GLOSSARY Verbs formed through derivation 1-10 Adverbia1 derivatives 1-13 To the student 9 i-vii Partic1es 1-15 Word list G 1-158 ix Hosted for free on livelingua.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following publishers and authors have generously given permission to reprint illustrations: from Lukion äidinkieli 1, WSOY, pp. IV-14, V-8, VI-12, VII-4; from APU pp. IV-8, V-18, VII-17 (adapted) by Olavi Hurmerinta; pp. 1-29, IV-19, VII-8, VII-15, X-8 by Hannu Marttinen; from Helsingin Sanomat, pp. IV-15, IV-16, App. VI-9 ~ 1980 by Kari; pp. 11-19, 11-20 (adapted) by Tarmo Koivisto; pp. VIII-22, X-IO ~ 1980 by Camille Mickwitz; Let's Have a Sauna, Sauna-Seura, Inc. pp. VIII-II, VIII-12 ~ by Henrik Tikkanen; from Valitut Palat the text on p. XI-21 ~ 1978. The sources of the following illustrations are: Elävää kieltä 1, 2, Kirjayhtymä, pp. 1-18, 1-25, 11-23, 11-25, V-31, VIII-21, VIII-25 by Anssi Asunta; p. XIII-12 by Eeva Mehto; p. VIII-IO (adapted) in Ilta-Sanomat; pp. VIII-15, VIII-16 (adapted) in Tieliikennekirja; pp. 11-12, IV-19 in Finnish Basic Course, Monterey, CA, Army Language School, 1956 & 1957. x Hosted for free on livelingua.com TO THE STUDENT AS you move through this textbook, you will find it is built around principles which emphasize the development of basic communicative skills. The speech samples in this text reflect the language as it is spoken in practical, everyday social situations. The objective of each section is to introduce and to expand your ability to use the principal features of the Finnish language to satisfy your social and professional needs in the host country. The structure is introduced in large chunks for overview, and smaller pieces are practiced cyclically to give you flexible control of the structure with review and reinforcement built in. The aim and purpose of your textbook, Conversational Finnish, is to serve as a basic course. with this book you are expected to develop the skills needed for fluent workable proficiency in Finnish. This translates to aleveI of 2 to 2+ on the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale and -advanced- proficiency on the ACTFL scale~ This book is designed for the first six months of an intensive ten-month course in US government language schools. This book is also suitable for self-study. To facilitate its use for independent study, English translations, tapes, and answer keys are provided for practically alI the Finnish text. The textbook is accompanied by tapes, a dictionary, and a workbook (with tapes). Conversational Finnish is organized into 14 topical units with structural notes in the end of each unit. The first four units should be studied in sequence as a block but after Unit V they can be studied individually in any sequence. xi Hosted for free on livelingua.com HOW TO USE THE TEXT Task consideration Each day or unit should begin with your own dialogs. Think about how you would approach a Finn in a particular situation such as, for example, -Getting to know you.- How would the encounter g07 what would you want to say7 What do you think the Finn would say7 How would you answer7 Use your instructor as an informant and ask him/her: -How do you say X in Finnish?- Your teacher will help you to say what ~ want in Finnish. Hearing it You will begin the units by listening to the taped dialogs. First try to understand as much as you can. Then listen again and get used to the stress, rhythm and intonation of Finnish and learn to associate the sound with the spelling. AlI the dialogs are taped both in standard Finnish and in more frequently spoken, colloquial Finnish. usethe tapes for independent study to work upon your comprehension of both standard and colloquial Finnish, pronunciation, and repetition. Dialogs Each unit has a collection of independent sequences (speech samples), which are divided into three columns: standard Finnish, colloquial Finnish, and English translation. Although standard Finnish is usually the language of the media, colloquial Finnish is very widely used in conversation. You are expected to comprehend, remember, and reproduce standard Finnish dialogs with oral facility. Beginning language students are only required to listen to the colloquial Finnish dialogs. Later on the colloquial speech will be used actively in oral communication. After hearing it, start sequence 1 on page 1-6. Your teacher will be your model now, and you should try to imitate him/her. After yQu have learned sequence 1, your instructor will help you with the details of pronunciation. The expansions of the dialogs on the opposite page serve several purposes. They amplify the original dialog through substitutions and variations, which offer practice at various stylistic levels utilizing the basic expressions of the model dialogs. The expansions provide structured and semi-structured practice together with the workbook. Function practices at the end of each unit involve role play and give ample opportunity for unstructured practice. xii Hosted for free on livelingua.com Word block To provide extra vocabulary for substitutions, you can utilize the word block at the beginning of each unit. Each word in the block ia followed by a number, which indicates the inflectional type of nouna (CNO) and the conjugational type of verbs (CTV) (see Appendix 111). uae the tables in Appendix 111 t·~ learn to use the words in their various forms. It is important to know which type of word you are using to get the inflected forms correct in speech. Pronunciation Notes on pronunciation with some exercises are at the beginning of the text, but more amplified exercises are in the workbook. The pronunciation exercises should be done for the first time in the classroom with the instructor soon after the first dialogs have been introduced. Afterwards they can be worked on independently in the lab or at home. During the first two weeks, special attention should be paid to pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation. After that, particular points of pronunciation can be taken up individually. Comprehension exercises You will find additional listening material in each unit which includes real life information (telephone services, weather reports, travel advisory reports, etc.) and overheard conversations in different situations with accompanying tasks for students. You are expected to utilize both your knowledge of Finnish and any other -real world- knowledge to get the gist of what the situation is and what is being said. some exercises involve recalling and explaining in your own words what the overheard conversation was about. 5tructural notes structural notes are presented at the end of each unit. They are meant to be studied within that unit together with the corresponding exerciaes in the workbook. The structural points are inevitably introduced in a somewhat arbitrary order because the texts represent language in its fullest from the very baginning. cross-references are provided, however, BO that atructural points can be explained in any 'order depending on individual needa and desirea. They are marked with unit numbers I-XIV and letters A-Z for the order that they appear in each unit. xiii