Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places

2009·16.6 MB·English

by  Dolan, Susan

National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
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Fruitful Legacy:
A
Historic Context of Orchards in the United States,
with Technical Information for Registering Orchards
in the National Register of Historic Places

Fruitful Legacy:
A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States,
with Technical Information for Registering Orchards
in the National Register of Historic Places
Susan A. Dolan
Q.
2009
PUBLIC DOCUMENTS 1
«~
DEPOSITORY ITEM
[ OCM
NOV 3 2009
National Park Service
CLEMSON
Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation LIBRARY
Pacific West Regional Office - Cultural Resources O
Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program €M
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
Dolan, Susan A. 1967-
Fruitful legacy : a historiccontextoforchards in the United States, with technical information for registering
orchards in the National Registerof Historic Places/Susan A. Dolan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-16-082127-4(pbk.)
1. Fruit-culture-United States-History. 2. Orchards-United States-History. 3. Historicsites-United States. I.
United States. National Park Service. Park HistoricStructuresand Cultural Landscapes Program. II. Title.
SB355.D65 2009
634.0973-dc22
200902351
r
~l
ISBN 978-0-16-082127-1 Forsalebythe SuperintendentofDocuments, U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice
9 Internet:bFoaoxk:st(o2r0e2.)g5p1o2.g-o2v104PhMoaniel::StollolpfrIeDeC(C8.66W)a5sh1i2n-g1t8o00n:.DDCC2a0r4e0a2-(200020)1512-1800
ISBN 978-0-16-082127-1
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78 1 6 M821 271
u how
It is remarkable closely the history of
the apple tree is connected with that of man.?j
HenryDavidThoreau / Essay "WildApples" I 1862
—
"... I've been working on an idea that still has a way to go to use the
apples grown in some National Park Service historic orchards as a means of
informingvisitors about these special fruits and the importance ofprotecting
the genetic variety they represent. One ofmy thoughts has involved a wayto
sell visitors the individual fruits wrapped in tissue paper, each tissue having
the history ofthe orchard printed on it. I see this as a wayto condense into a
simple form the profoundly important topic ofbiological diversity."
NPS DirectorWilliam PennMott,Jr.
"TheDirector'sReport" I Courier / June 1988

Contents
vm
List ofFigures
ListofTables xvi
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction
Purpose
Background
Four Periods in the History ofAmerican Orchards
Part I: A Historic Context ofOrchards in the United States
Chapter
1
Fruit Introductionand Colonization: 1600-1800
European fruitintroductions, subsistencefarm orchards andfruit
gardensforpleasure 11
Summary 30
Chapter 2
FruitDiversificationand Migration: 1801-1880
Americanfruitvarieties, collectors, connoisseurs and entrepreneurs 32
Summary 62
Chapter
3
Orchard Specialization and Industrialization: 1881-1945
Commercialization, scientific andtechnological development,
and regionalism 63
Summary
111
Fruitful Legacy
Chapter4
Fruit Monoculture and Orchard Intensification: 1946-present
Internationalism, dwarftrees, high densitymanagementsystems 114
Summary
144
Part II: Technical Information for Registering Orchards
in the National Register ofHistoric Places
Chapter
5
Evaluatingthe Significance and IntegrityofOrchards andFruitTrees 149
Orchards and FruitTreesasNationalRegisterpropertytypes 149
Definitions of"orchard" and "fruittree" 150
Definingthe Significance ofOrchardsand FruitTrees 151
ApplyingtheNational RegisterCriteriato Orchards and FruitTrees 153
Definingthe Period ofSignificance 177
DefiningIntegrity 178
Example ofLandscape Characteristics: BucknerOrchard,
North Cascades National Park Service Complex,Washington 183
Evaluatingthe IntegrityofIndividuallySignificantVersus
ContributingOrchards and FruitTrees 189
IntegrityofRare Examples 190
Examples ofNational RegisterNominations 190
DefiningBoundaries 191
IntroducingCultural ResourceManagementofOrchardsandFruitTrees 192
v FruitfulLegacy
i
Part III: Further Information
National Parks with FruitTrees More than FiftyYears Old 198
List ofRepositories 202
Relevant Organizations 205
Glossary 208
Bibliography 212
Index
223
FruitfulLegacy vii
List of Figures
Introduction Figures
Figureo.i Comparison ofaseedlingfruittreewithagraftedfruittree.
Figure 0.2 FourperiodsinthehistoryofAmerican orchards.
Chapter 1 Figures
Figure1.1 LouisXIVfruitgardenatVersailles,France.
Figure1.2 Espalierformofanornamentaltree.
Figure 1.3 DwarfpeartreesinafruitgardenatLesJardinsduLuxembourgin Paris,
France.
Figure1.4 Childrenpickingapplesfromseedlingtreesina1700sfarm orchard.
Figure1.5 Applepickersinaseedlingfarm orchardinthe1700s
Figure1.6 Appleharvestina1700sseedlingfarmorchard.
Figure1.7 Harvestersina1700sseedlingfarmorchard.
Figure1.8 Aseedlingappletreein late1800s.
Figure1.9 SeedlingappletreesatMinute ManNationalHistorical Park,MA.
Figure1.10 Two hundredyear-oldseedlingappletrees.
Figure 1.11 Aseedlingappletree datingfromthe1820s.
Figure 1.12 Formofaseedlingtree contrastedwithagraftedtree.
Figure1.13 Stepsinvolvedingraftingscionwoodtoarootstock.
Figure1.14 Contemporaryaerialphotographandperspective drawingofThomas
Jefferson's18th-centuryfruitgardenatMonticello,includingthesouth
orchard (drawingbyLuciaStanton,courtesyoftheThomasJefferson
Foundation,Monticello).
viii Fruitful Legacy