Frontiers of Cultural Heritage Law

416 Pages·2021·2.116 MB·English

by  James A.R. Nafziger

Frontiers of Cultural Heritage Law
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
Frontiers of Cultural
Heritage Law
By
James A. R. Nafziger
leiden | boston
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021946042
isbn 978-90-04-34763-2 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-34764-9 (e-book)
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/ brill- typeface.
Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
For Pat O’Keefe and Lyndel Prott
First and Foremost
∵
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
Contents
Preface  xiii
Part I
Introduction
Frontiers – Past, Present and Future  3
1 Historical Background  3
2 A Few Definitions  11
3 The ILA Projects  15
4 New Frontiers  19
5 Conclusion  24
Part II
Underwater Cultural Heritage
A 1990 and 1992 Reports  29
1 Introduction  29
2 Definition of Protected Property  32
3 Summary of Municipal or Domestic Law  33
4 International Legal Protection of the Underwater Heritage  36
5 Toward a More Effective International Regime  41
B 1994 Report  46
Buenos Aires Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater
Cultural Heritage  46
Preamble  46
Annex  64
C Reading: International Legal Protection of the Underwater
Cultural Heritage  70
1 The Past  71
2 The Present  75
3 The Future  84
Selected Bibliography  87
D Reading: The Evolving Role of Admiralty Courts in Litigation
Related to Historic Wreck  89
I Introduction  89
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
viii contents
II The Evolution of Admiralty Court Supervision of Historic
Wreck  92
III (Re)Globalization of Admiralty Law  95
IV Conclusion  108
E Reading: The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage: Its Growing Influence  112
I Institutional Framework  112
II The Convention’s Resonance and Influence  114
III The Convention  126
IV Conclusion  135
Part III
Heritage Law Creation
A 1996 Report  139
1 Organizations  139
2 Range of Subjects  141
3 Preparing the Instrument  141
B 1998 Report  144
1 Introduction  144
2 Non-governmental Organizations  146
3 Intergovernmental Organizations  156
4 Recommendations  161
Part IV
A Blueprint for the Development of Cultural Heritage Law
A 2000 Report  165
1 Definition of “Cultural Heritage”  166
2 International Return of Cultural Objects:
Remaining Questions  167
3 Returns of Cultural Heritage to Indigenous Peoples  168
4 Cultural Property Export Controls  170
5 Cultural Exemptions in International Trade Agreements  171
6 Museum Funding  172
7 The Regime of Historic Preservation  174
8 Cultural Rights  176
9 Droit de Suite  177
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
contents ix
10 General Framework for Protecting Cultural Heritage Law
during Wartime  178
11 The Regime of the 1954 Hague Convention  179
12 International Regulation of the Cultural Heritage: Toward a
Collaborative Regime  180
B 2002-2004 Reports  183
C Reading: The Responsibilities to Protect Cultural Heritage and
Prevent Cultural Genocide  184
I The Responsibility to Protect Persons  184
II The Extension of R2P to Cultural Heritage  187
III Cultural Genocide and Cultural Cleansing  194
IV Moving Forward  207
Annex  212
Part V
Cooperation in the Mutual Protection and Transfer of Cultural
Material
A 2004 Report  217
1 Background  217
2 Jurisprudential Foundations  222
B 2006 Report  225
Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual Protection and Transfer of
Cultural Material  225
Conclusion  233
C Reading: The Principles for Cooperation in the Mutual
Protection and Transfer of Cultural Material  234
I Introduction  234
II Legal Background  235
III The Principles  242
IV Conclusion  244
Part VI
Safe Havens for Cultural Material
A Introduction  249
B 2008 Report  252
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9
x contents
Guidelines for the Establishment and Conduct of Safe Havens for
Cultural Material  252
Annex  260
Part VII
International Trade Law and Cultural Heritage Law
A 2008 Report: Overview on Trade Law  263
1 Introduction  263
2 Culture and Trade Liberalization  263
3 GATT 1994, Article XX(f): The “National Treasures”
Exception  264
4 The European Community Treaty  268
5 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)  268
6 Conclusion  269
Sources  270
B 2010 Report   271
The International Legal Framework of Export Controls  271
1 Generally  271
2 The 1970 UNESCO Convention  272
3 The UNIDROIT Convention  273
4 European Union Legal Regime on the Export of Cultural Goods to
Third Countries and the Return of Objects Unlawfully Removed
from the Territory of a Member State  273
5 Cultural Material Export Controls and Human Rights  274
6 Enforcement of Foreign Cultural Material Export Controls
through International Agreement  275
7 Surrogate Role for Restitution and Return of Cultural
Material  276
8 Summary  276
National Export Controls Generally  277
1 Historical Overview  277
2 The Scope of Export Controls  277
3 Public/Private Ownership  279
4 Definitions of Cultural Material  279
5 Categories of Significance  280
6 Coverage of Goods of Foreign Origin  281
Permit and Licensing Systems  281
James A.R. Nafziger - 978-90-04-34764-9