Frontiers in Modern Optics

324 Pages·2016·34.096 MB·English

by  D. Faccio, J. Dudley, M. Clerici (eds.)

SOCIETA` ITALIANA DI FISICA
RENDICONTI
DELLA
SCUOLA INTERNAZIONALE DI FISICA
“ENRICO FERMI”
CXC Corso
a cura di D. Faccio e J. Dudley
Direttori del Corso
e di
M. Clerici
VARENNA SUL LAGO DI COMO
VILLA MONASTERO
30 Giugno – 5 Luglio 2014
Conquiste dell’ottica moderna
2016
SOCIETA` ITALIANA DI FISICA
BOLOGNA-ITALY
ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
“ENRICO FERMI”
Course 190
edited by D. Faccio and J. Dudley
Directors of the Course
and
M. Clerici
VARENNA ON LAKE COMO
VILLA MONASTERO
30 June – 5 July 2014
Frontiers in Modern Optics
2016
AMSTERDAM, OXFORD, TOKIO, WASHINGTON DC
Copyright (cid:2)c 2016 by Societa` Italiana di Fisica
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISSN 0074-784X (print)
ISSN 1879-8195 (online)
ISBN 978-1-61499-646-0 (print) (IOS Press)
ISBN 978-1-61499-647-7 (online) (IOS Press)
ISBN 978-88-7438-097-8 (SIF)
LCCN 2016937538
jointly published and distributed by:
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Supported by
Camera di Commercio di Lecco
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”
Amplitude Technologies - Evry Cedex, France
Quanta System S.p.a. - Solbiate Olona, Italy
BLM S.p.a. - Cantu`, Italy
European Physical Society (EPS)
Produced by the SIF Editorial Staff
Production Editors: Marcella Missiroli and Elena Baroncini
Cover: see D. Christodoulides et al., Optical airy beams and bullets, p. 117
Graphic elaboration by Simona Oleandri
Proprieta` Letteraria Riservata
Printed in Italy by Labanti e Nanni Industrie Grafiche S.r.l. - Crespellano (BO)
CONTENTS
D. Faccio, J. Dudley and M. Clerici – Preface .................... p. XIII
Course group shot ................................................ XVI
(cid:0)
D. Bermudez, J. Drori and U. Leonhardt – Dialogues about geometry
and light ........................................................ 1
(cid:0)
S. Choudhary and R. W. Boyd – Tutorial on nonlinear optics ........ 31
(cid:0)
1. Introductionto nonlinear optics.................................... 32
(cid:0)
2. Second-ordernonlinear optical processes ............................ 33
. (cid:0)
21. Second-harmonicgeneration (SHG)............................ 34
. (cid:0)
21.1. Mathematical description.............................. 34
. (cid:0)
22. Sum frequency generation (SFG).............................. 37
. (cid:0)
22.1. Mathematical description.............................. 38
. (cid:0)
23. Difference Frequency Generation (DFG)........................ 39
. (cid:0)
24. Optical parametric oscillation (OPO) .......................... 40
. (cid:0)
25. Parametric downconversion .................................. 41
. (cid:0)
26. Phase-matching ............................................ 42
(cid:0)
3. Third-order nonlinear optical processes.............................. 43
. (cid:0)
31. Third-harmonicGeneration (THG)............................ 44
. (cid:0)
32. Intensity dependent refractive index ........................... 44
(cid:0)
4. Effect of material symmetry....................................... 45
(cid:0)
5. Nonlinear optics with focussed Gaussian beams....................... 45
(cid:0)
6. Origin of third-order nonlinear response............................. 46
. (cid:0)
61. Quantum-mechanicalexplanation of nonlinear optical susceptibility. 47
. (cid:0)
62. Non-resonantelectronic nonlinearities.......................... 47
. (cid:0)
63. Molecular orientation effect .................................. 48
. (cid:0)
64. Thermal effects ............................................ 49
(cid:0)
VII
contents
VIII
7. Measurement of optical nonlinearity: Z-scan ......................... p. 50
8. Self-action effects................................................ 51
. (cid:0)
81. Self-focussing .............................................. 51
. (cid:0)
82. Optical solitons ............................................ 52
. (cid:0)
82.1. Self-trapping and spatial solitons ....................... 52
. (cid:0)
82.2. Temporal solitons .................................... 53
. (cid:0)
83. Small-scale filamentation .................................... 54
(cid:0)
9. Local-field effects................................................ 55
. (cid:0)
91. Lorentz local field .......................................... 56
. (cid:0)
92. Nanocompositematerials for nonlinear optics ................... 57
. (cid:0)
92.1. Layered composite materials ........................... 58
. (cid:0)
92.2. Metal-dielectric photonic crystals ....................... 59
. (cid:0)
93. Counterintuitiveconsequence of local-field effects ................ 59
(cid:0)
10. Nonlinear plasmonics ............................................ 62
(cid:0)
11. Slow and fast light............................................... 62
. (cid:0)
111. Slow light using SBS........................................ 64
. (cid:0)
112. Slow light by coherent populationoscillations ................... 64
. (cid:0)
113. Slow and fast light in Erbium-DopedFibre Amplifiers (EDFAs) .... 66
(cid:0)
12. Spontaneousand stimulated light scattering ......................... 67
. (cid:0)
121. Stimulated light scattering ................................... 68
. (cid:0)
121.1. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).................... 70
. (cid:0)
121.2. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)..................... 72
(cid:0)
O. S. Magan˜a-Loaiza, M. Mirhosseini and R. W. Boyd – Recent
progress in weak value amplification and direct measurement ............ 77
(cid:0)
1. Introduction.................................................... 78
(cid:0)
2. Weak value amplification ......................................... 78
(cid:0)
3. Direct measurement ............................................. 83
(cid:0)
4. Experimental weak measurements.................................. 85
(cid:0)
Weak value amplificationin angular position and OAM variables........ 86
(cid:0)
Compressive direct measurement of the transverse wave function ........ 89
(cid:0)
Direct measurement of a 27-dimensionalOAM state................... 94
(cid:0)
Full characterizationof polarizationstates of light via direct measurement 96
(cid:0)
D. Christodoulides, S. Wengerowsky and S. M. Rao – Optical airy
beams and bullets ................................................ 103
(cid:0)
1. Introduction.................................................... 104
. (cid:0)
11. Diffraction ................................................ 104
(cid:0)
2. Non-diffractingbeams............................................ 105
(cid:0)
3. Non-diffractingaccelerating beams ................................. 106
. (cid:0)
31. Acceleration dynamics of the Airy beams....................... 108
(cid:0)
4. Experimental realization of Airy wavepackets ........................ 110
. (cid:0)
41. Self-reconstructionof Airy beams ............................. 111
(cid:0)
5. Applicationsof Airy beams ....................................... 112
(cid:0)
6. Optical Airy bullets.............................................. 114
(cid:0)
7. Airy plasmons .................................................. 117
(cid:0)
8. Applicationsand perspectives for Airy beams ........................ 119
(cid:0)
contents
IX
D. Christodoulides, S. Serna-Otalvaro and S. Wittek–Symmetries
in optics ........................................................ p. 123
1. Introduction.................................................... 124
(cid:0)
2. PT symmetry in optics........................................... 124
(cid:0)
3. Supersymmetry (SUSY) .......................................... 130
(cid:0)
4. Conclusion ..................................................... 135
(cid:0)
M. Padgett and B. Sun – Full-color, computational ghost video........ 137
(cid:0)
1. Ghost imaging: from quantum to classical to computational ............ 138
(cid:0)
2. Computationalimaging with a commercial light projector.............. 139
. (cid:0)
21. Experiment setup .......................................... 140
. (cid:0)
22. 2D reconstructions.......................................... 141
. (cid:0)
23. 3D reconstructions.......................................... 142
(cid:0)
3. Full-color, single-pixel video....................................... 143
. (cid:0)
31. Implementationof orthogonalsampling ........................ 144
. (cid:0)
32. A real-time computationalvideo system using single-pixel detectors. 145
(cid:0)
4. Conclusion ..................................................... 146
(cid:0)
R. S. Aspden and M. J. Padgett – Light in a twist: Orbital angular
momentum ...................................................... 149
(cid:0)
1. What is orbital angular momentum ................................ 149
(cid:0)
2. Orbital angular momentum generation.............................. 153
(cid:0)
3. Experiments with and applicationsof orbital angular momentum........ 154
(cid:0)
M. Lahiri, C. Reimer and A. Zeilinger – Quantum interference and
imaging ......................................................... 159
(cid:0)
1. Introduction.................................................... 160
(cid:0)
2. Interference and path information.................................. 160
. (cid:0)
21. Basic concept.............................................. 160
. (cid:0)
22. Applicationto an optical interference experiment ................ 162
(cid:0)
3. A quantum imaging experiment.................................... 164
(cid:0)
4. Novelty of the imaging experiment ................................. 168
(cid:0)
5. Conclusion ..................................................... 169
(cid:0)
P. Kultavewuti – Nonlinear photonics in chip-based structures......... 171
(cid:0)
1. Introduction.................................................... 171
(cid:0)
2. Brief review of nonlinear optics .................................... 172
(cid:0)
3. Nonlinear processes in nanowaveguides.............................. 175
(cid:0)
4. Four-wave mixing in silicon nanowaveguides ......................... 178
(cid:0)
5. Optical parametric oscillators ..................................... 183
(cid:0)
6. Conclusion ..................................................... 186
(cid:0)
contents
X
A. S. Mayer and B. C. Kirkpatrick – Silicon photonics ............. p. 189
1. Introduction.................................................... 189
(cid:0)
2. Ultra low loss waveguides and ring resonators ........................ 191
. (cid:0)
21. Losses .................................................... 193
. (cid:0)
22. Fabrication................................................ 193
(cid:0)
3. Electro-opticsmodulation......................................... 195
(cid:0)
4. Breaking the reciprocity of light ................................... 196
(cid:0)
5. Multimode photonics............................................. 198
(cid:0)
6. Optofluidics .................................................... 201
(cid:0)
7. Optomechanics.................................................. 203
(cid:0)
J. Hyyti, N. Raabe and G. Steinmeyer – Characterization of ultrashort
laser pulses and carrier-envelope phase stabilization .................... 207
(cid:0)
1. Ultrashort laser pulses ........................................... 208
(cid:0)
2. Pulse characterization............................................ 210
. (cid:0)
21. Autocorrelationand decorrelation............................. 210
. (cid:0)
22. Frequency-resolved optical gating ............................. 212
. (cid:0)
23. Spectral interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction ...... 215
. (cid:0)
24. Beyond FROG and SPIDER ................................. 216
. (cid:0)
24.1. Multiphotonintrapulseinterference phase scan............ 216
. (cid:0)
24.2. Dispersion scan ...................................... 217
(cid:0)
3. Coherent artifact ................................................ 218
(cid:0)
4. Carrier-envelope phase ........................................... 220
. (cid:0)
41. CEP measurement of oscillator pulses.......................... 221
4.1.1. f-to-2f interferometry ................................ (cid:0) 221
. (cid:0)
41.2. CEP characterization ................................. 223
. (cid:0)
41.3. A bottleneck in CEP measurements —Shot Noise.......... 224
. (cid:0)
42. Stabilizationof the CEP..................................... 225
. (cid:0)
42.1. Feedback stabilization................................. 225
. (cid:0)
42.2. Feed-forward stabilization ............................. 226
. (cid:0)
43. CEP in Ti:sapphire based CPA systems ........................ 226
. (cid:0)
43.1. Detection and control of the CEP in the slow loop......... 227
. (cid:0)
43.2. Improvements in CEP detection of amplified systems....... 228
(cid:0)
G. Genty, M. Na¨rhi, C. Amiot and M. Jacquet – Supercontinuum
generation in optical fibers ......................................... 233
(cid:0)
1. Introduction.................................................... 233
(cid:0)
2. Pulse propagationin nonlinear fibers ............................... 234
. (cid:0)
21. Representation of optical pulses............................... 234
. (cid:0)
22. Linear regime.............................................. 235
. (cid:0)
23. Nonlinear regime ........................................... 235
(cid:0)
3. Nonlinear effects ................................................ 238
. (cid:0)
31. Optical Kerr effect.......................................... 238
. (cid:0)
31.1. Self phase modulation................................. 239
. (cid:0)
31.2. Cross-phasemodulation ............................... 240
. (cid:0)
31.3. Four-wave mixing (FWM) ............................. 240
. (cid:0)
31.4. Stimulated Raman scattering........................... 240
(cid:0)