Frontiers in Magnetic Materials: From Principles to Material Design and Practical Applications

290 Pages·2022·27.51 MB·English

by  Chen Wu, Jiaying Jin

Frontiers in Magnetic
Materials
The book aims to provide comprehensive and practical guidance on mag-
netism and magnetic materials. It involves four parts, focusing on funda-
mental magnetism, hard magnetic materials, soft magnetic materials and
other functional magnetic materials.
Part I highlights the ubiquity of magnetism and the close relationships
between magnetic materials and our daily life. Perspectives on magnetism
from Engineering and Physics are provided to introduce the two unit sys-
tems, followed by the origin and categories of magnetisms. An introduc-
tion of important parameters during magnetization and magnetic
measurement techniques are then provided to lay a solid foundation for
the readers for better understandings of the design and development of
different magnetic materials.
Important magnetic materials are then introduced in the subsequent
parts, delivering an overview of design principles, production technolo-
gies, research developments and real-world applications. For instance,
rare-earth-free and rare-earth-based hard magnetic materials as well as
soft magnetic materials such as Fe-based alloys, composites and ferrites
are discussed. Other functional magnetic materials span a wide range,
involving smart materials with magneto-X effects, together with magnetic
materials for applications including electromagnetic wave absorption,
biomedicine and catalysis, etc. For these magnetic materials, more empha-
sis is placed on the latest advances and interdisciplinary perspectives.

Frontiers in Magnetic
Materials
From Principles to Material
Design and Practical Applications
Chen Wu and Jiaying Jin
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Chen Wu and Jiaying Jin
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the
author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copy-
right holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wu, Chen, 1985- author. | Jin, Jiaying, 1988- author.
Title: Frontiers in magnetic materials : from principles to material design
and practical applications.
Description: First edition. | Boca Paton, FL : CRC Press, [2023] | Includes
bibliographical references. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2022004999 (print) | LCCN 2022005000 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032106359 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032106410 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003216346
(ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Magnetic materials.
Classification: LCC TK454.4.M3 W83 2023 (print) | LCC TK454.4.M3 (ebook)
| DDC 621.34--dc23/eng/20220407
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022004999
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022005000
ISBN: 978-1-032-10635-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-10641-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-21634-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003216346
Typeset in Minion Pro
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Author Bio, xv
Part I Fundamental Magnetism
ChaPter 1 ◾ Introduction to Magnetics 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM AND
MAGNETIC MATERIALS 3
1.2 VIEWS ON MAGNETISM AND TWO UNIT SYSTEMS 5
REFERENCES 7
FURTHER READING 7
ChaPter 2 ◾ Origin and Categories of Magnetisms 9
2.1 ATOMIC ORIGIN OF MAGNETISMS 9
2.1.1 Arrangement of Electrons 9
2.1.2 Electron Orbital and Spin Moment 12
2.1.3 Total Magnetic Moment of the Atom 13
2.2 FIVE TYPES OF MAGNETISMS 16
2.2.1 Diamagnetism 16
2.2.2 Paramagnetism 17
2.2.3 Antiferromagnetism 20
2.2.4 Ferromagnetism 21
2.2.5 Ferrimagnetism 23
REFERENCES 26
FURTHER READING 27
v
vi   ◾   Contents
ChaPter 3 ◾ Important Parameters and Magnetic
Measurements 29
3.1 BASICS OF MAGNETIZATION AND MAGNETIC
PARAMETERS 29
3.2 MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 33
3.2.1 Measurement of Magnetization 33
3.2.2 Measurements Based on Magnetic-X Effects 36
3.2.2.1 Measurements Based on Magneto-Optical
Effect 36
3.2.2.2 Measurements Based on Magneto-Electric
Effect 38
3.2.2.3 Measurements Based on Magneto-Force
Effect 38
3.2.2.4 Measurements Based on Magnetic
Resonance 40
REFERENCES 41
FURTHER READING 41
Part II Hard Magnetic Materials
ChaPter 4 ◾ Introduction to Hard Magnetic Materials 45
4.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR HARD
MAGNETIC MATERIALS 45
4.1.1 Intrinsic Magnetic Properties 45
4.1.2 Hysteresis Loop 46
4.1.3 Remanence 47
4.1.4 Coercivity 49
4.1.5 Energy Product 50
4.1.6 Temperature Coefficients 51
4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS 52
4.3 APPLICATIONS OF HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS 54
4.3.1 Hard Magnetic Materials for Wind Power
Generation 55
Contents   ◾   vii
4.3.2 Hard Magnetic Materials for New Energy Vehicle 55
4.3.3 Hard Magnetic Materials for Information
Technology 56
4.3.4 Hard Magnetic Materials for Industrial Robot 56
REFERENCES 57
FURTHER READING 59
ChaPter 5 ◾ Rare-Earth-Free Hard Magnetic Materials 61
5.1 HARD FERRITES 61
5.1.1 Introduction 61
5.1.2 Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties 62
5.1.3 Synthesis Techniques 64
5.1.3.1 Standard Ceramic Method 64
5.1.3.2 Sol-Gel Method 66
5.1.3.3 Coprecipitation Method 67
5.1.3.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis 67
5.1.3.5 Other Methods 68
5.1.4 Substituted M-Type Ferrites 68
5.1.5 Prospects and Future Challenges 70
5.2 ALNICO 71
5.2.1 Introduction 71
5.2.2 Timeline of Alnico Development 71
5.2.3 Prospects and Future Challenges 76
REFERENCES 76
FURTHER READING 82
ChaPter 6 ◾ Rare-Earth-Based Hard Magnetic Materials:
SmCo 83
6.1 DEVELOPMENTS OF RECO HARD MAGNETIC
MATERIALS 83
6.2 1:5-TYPE PERMANENT MAGNETS 84
6.3 2:17-TYPE PERMANENT MAGNETS 87
viii   ◾   Contents
6.3.1 Phase Constituents 88
6.3.2 Fabrication Procedures 89
6.3.3 Latest Developments 91
REFERENCES 95
FURTHER READING 100
ChaPter 7 ◾ Rare-Earth-Based Hard Magnetic Materials:
NdFeB 101
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO NdFeB 101
7.2 RESEARCH FOCUSES OF NdFeB 102
7.2.1 High-Coercivity REFeB with Less Dy/Tb 103
7.2.2 Low-Cost REFeB with More La/Ce/Y 109
7.3 FABRICATION OF NdFeB SINTERED MAGNETS 113
7.3.1 Strip Casting 113
7.3.2 Hydrogen Decrepitation 114
7.3.3 Jet Milling 114
7.3.4 Alignment and Compressing 115
7.3.5 Sintering 116
7.3.6 Post-Sinter Annealing 118
7.3.7 Commercial NdFeB Sintered Magnets 120
7.4 FABRICATION OF NdFeB BONDED MAGNETS 120
7.5 SURFACE COATING 121
REFERENCES 122
FURTHER READING 128
ChaPter 8 ◾ Other Emerging Hard Magnetic Materials 129
8.1 NANOCOMPOSITES 129
8.1.1 Introduction 129
8.1.2 Timeline of Nanocomposites Development 129
8.1.3 Synthesis Techniques 131
8.1.4 Challenges and Perspectives 132
Contents   ◾   ix
8.2 SmFeN 135
8.2.1 Crystal Structure 135
8.2.2 Nitriding Mechanism 136
8.2.3 Preparation Techniques 138
8.3 Mn-BASED ALLOYS 139
8.3.1 MnBi Alloy 140
8.3.2 MnAl and MnAlC Alloys 142
REFERENCES 144
FURTHER READING 150
Part III Soft Magnetic Materials
ChaPter 9 ◾ Introduction to Soft Magnetic Materials 153
9.1 APPLICATIONS OF SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS 153
9.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFT
MAGNETIC MATERIALS 154
9.3 DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS 154
REFERENCES 157
FURTHER READING 158
ChaPter 10 ◾ Soft Magnetic Alloys 159
10.1 CRYSTALLINE MAGNETIC ALLOYS 159
10.1.1 FeSi-Based Magnetic Alloys 159
10.1.2 FeNi-Based Magnetic Alloys 160
10.1.3 Future Design of Crystalline Magnetic Alloys 161
10.2 AMORPHOUS MAGNETIC ALLOYS 162
10.3 NANOCRYSTALLINE MAGNETIC ALLOYS 164
10.3.1 Finemet (FeCuNbSiB) 164
10.3.2 Nanoperm (FeMBCu, M = Zr, Nb, Hf) 166
10.3.3 Hitperm (FeCoMBCu, M = Zr, Nb, Hf) 167
10.3.4 Nanomet (FeSiBPCu) 167
10.3.5 Future Design of Nanocrystalline Magnetic Alloys 169