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From the Finland Station to the Khyber Pass: The Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 1979-1989. (M PDF

135 Pages·2011·7.67 MB·English
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Preview From the Finland Station to the Khyber Pass: The Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 1979-1989. (M

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8 For some works from a massive corpus, see: R. T Akhramovich, Afganistan Posle Vtoroĭ Mirovoĭ Voĭny: Ocherk Istorii. (Moskva: Izd-vo vostochnoĭ
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