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From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Volume 03: Jutland and After, May 1916 - December 1916 PDF

335 Pages·1965·24.68 MB·English
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Preview From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Volume 03: Jutland and After, May 1916 - December 1916

FROM THE READN UG I ,j!f • , TO, ··. . SCAPA MAY '191 - 1916 . ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet, 1914-16 [Photograph: Radio Times Hulton Picture Library Preface The main theme in this penultimate volume is the Jutland story. II has been told often. My version of necessity emphasizes the role "I' the British fleet in the battle. It omits many of the minor ,Ollcounters and much other detail and focuses on the salient li:atures, especially on those which have given rise to conflicting illterpretations and partisan warfare. There has been altogether too much passion and bias in the '01 utland Controversy', more particularly as regards the two British principals. Montagus and Capulets still abound. I am myself either. Throughout I have made a conscientious attempt to be II dispassionate and to eschew 'the lucid view afforded by hindsight', \ino, as Homer put it, 'Mter the event even a fool is wise.' Through (lllt I have also borne in mind how little those concerned in the hattle really knew what was going on. To judge their actions from I he comfort of an armchair, with the dispatches, a mass of elaborate and accurate diagrams, and descriptions of the battle lioom both sides-none of which material, of course, was available to the commanding officers at Jutland-spread out before one, and with an utter disregard of the effects of smoke and mist and of what the C.-in-C. and squadron admirals knew at the time of the High Seas Fleet's strength, position, and formation, would be unjust to those officers and make a mockery of Clio, the Muse of History. The historian needs also to remember that ship-to-ship directional wireless telegraphy was then in its infancy, that air reconnaissance did not, practically speaking, exist, and that there was no radar. Where possible, I have also endeavoured to soften my criticism by charity for human frailty and by the knowledge that, as Captain John Creswell has so well put it in another con text, 'in the stresses of a great war the Fates are often stronger than man, even man at his best: that an enterprise may fail, and fail disastrously, without the officer responsible for it necessarily deserving castigation.' 'Some day no doubt Jutland will be understood', Jellicoe remarked in 192 I . I would like to think that this volume will make a modest contribution to that understanding; but I am under no illusion that I have written the 'definitive' history of the battle. vii PREFACE The controversial points will be debated as long as history is studied and written, for Jutland is incontrovertible proof of the Dutch historian Pieter Geyl's dictum concerning historical inter pretation: 'History is indeed an argument without end.' The post-Jutland narrative, to December 1916, which con stitutes the latter part of this volume, is in some important ways an integral part of the Jutland story. The highlights of the period arc the fleet reformation in materiel, tactics, and strategy, the action (or ncar action) of 19 August, the resumption of U-boat warfare ill accordance with prize rules, and the change in the high com mand of the Navy, at Whitehall and in the Grand Fleet. Directly or indirectly, they are all related to Jutland, and they mark the end of a phase in the war at sea. As for materials used, I have consulted all published writings of allY value. It has been my good fortune to have had access to an appreciable quantity of restricted or unpublished Jutland material. 1 would single out here the many fine articles in the privately circulated Naval Review; Vice-Admiral K. G. B. Dewar's trenchant wrilings (three restricted articles of 1959-60, in particular), which, though uncomplimentary to nearly everybody afloat and ashore who had any connection with the battle, Jellicoe above all, nevertluJess have merit; the series offiveJutland lectures delivered at the Naval War College in 1929 by Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir) Bertram H. Ramsay (Jellicoe MSS.); the seven equally moderale and unbiased Jutland lectures, a revision of Ramsay's, given at the Naval Staff College in 1929-30 by the Deputy Director, Captain (now Admiral) John H. Godfrey (Naval Hislorical Branch, Ministry of Defence, formerly the Naval Hislorical Section of the Admiralty); and the further revised set of seven, delivered at the Naval Staff College in 1932 by Com mander (afterwards Admiral Sir) William G. Tennant (Lady 'rellu an t ). The Staff College lectures were pretty well standardized by 19:12. To these sources I would add the Naval Staff Monograph, Naval Staff Appreciation oj Jutland (1922), by the Dewar brothers, A. C. and K. G. B. (then captains), which is highly critical of J ellicoe's tactics. Although it must be used with caution (Je llicoe correctly described it as 'a purely B.C.F. [Battle Cruiser Fleet] account, looked at with B.C.F. eyes'), it does have material not to be found elsewhere and some valuable insights. Beatty, then vw PREFACE First Sea Lord, had told the Dewars 'to bring out the battle's lessons'. About 300 copies were printed, but the Appreciation was never issued. There is good reason to believe that Beatty intended to issue it to the Naval Staff College and certain senior officers, but that he was dissuaded from doing so by the remainder of the Board of Admiralty, on the ground that it would arouse con troversy-which is what the Dewars had intended it to do. In 1928, soon after succeeding Beatty, Admiral Sir Charles Madden solved the problem by consigning all available copies to the incinerator. A few, however, have survived. Unpublished primary source material (for the use of which I am grateful to the owners or custodians noted parenthetically in each case) yielded new material of value for both Jutland and after, viz.: Admiralry MSS. (the Admiralty; in custody ofthe Public Record Office). (On 1 April 1964 the Admiralty became Ministry of Defence, Navy Department.) Balfour MSS. (British Museum). Official correspondence of Arthur Balfour, First Lord of the Admiralty, May 191s-December 1916. Beatry MSS. (second Earl Beatty). Papers and correspondence of the Vice-Admiral Commanding Battle Cruiser Fleet, March 1913-November 1916. Cowan MSS. (National Maritime Museum). The papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Walter Cowan, Bt., which contain a few letters of interest. Duff MSS. (Lady Duff). Grand Fleet diary of A. L. Duff, Rear Admiral, 4th Battle Squadron, at Jutland. Evan-Thomas MSS. (Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Barnard and Mr. Mervyn Bourdillon). Correspondence of Hugh Evan-Thomas, Rear-Admiral CommandinKsth Battle Squadron at Jutland. The papers have since been deposited in the British Museum. Frewen MSS. (post-war J ellicoe correspondence, British Museum; wartime and post-war diaries, Mrs. Lena Frewen). Lieutenant Oswald Frewen joined Captain Harper in 1919 as a navigation expert to assist him in preparing the official Admiralty account of Jutland. German Ministry of Marine MSS. (Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence; now with the Militargeschichtliches For schungsamt in Freiburg im Breisgau); the papers of Admiral IX PREFACE Magnus von Levetzow, who was (as a captain) the Chief of the Operations Section on Scheer's staff at the time of Jutland, include some interesting post-war material on the battle. The Milit~irgeschichtliches Forschungsamt kindly made available all the post-Jutland reports of Admirals Scheer and Hipper. Go(ifny MSS. (Admiral John H. Godfrey). Papers supplement ing his Jutland lectures at the Naval Staff College. Hamilton MSS. (National Maritime Museum). 1915-16 diary and correspondence of the Second Sea Lord of 1913-17, Vice Admiral Sir Frederick Hamilton. IImper MSS. (Royal United Service Institution). Correspon dence of Captain (afterwards Vice-Admiral) J. E. T. Harper pertaining to his preparation of the official Admiralty 'Record' of Jutland. Jackson MSS. (Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence). Oflicial correspondence of Admiral Sir Henry Jackson, First Sea Lord, May 1915-December 1916. Jellicoe MSS. (British Museum). Assorted material, notably the Admiral's recently (August 1963) de-reserved critiques of the Admiralty Narrative of the Battle of Jutland (supplementary to his criticisms in Appendix G of the Narrative) and of Sir Winston Churchill's Jutland account in Volume iii of his The World Crisis. ROil:,\" MSS. (the Dowager Lady Keyes). The papers of Admiral of tll(~ Fleet Lord Keyes (Roger Keyes), which include Jutland oclclIlH~1I1s. /,t:1IlIoxlove MSS. (the Duke of Hamilton). The Fisher papers, which include a few sidelights on Jutland and after. Roskill MSS. (Captain S. W. Roskill). Valuable unpublished papers of, and correspondence with, officers who were at the Adlllirally or with the Grand Fleet during Jutland. Strmke MSS. (Commander W. D. M. Staveley). Correspondence and miscellaneous papers of Sir Doveton Sturdee, Vice-Admiral COlllmanding 4th Battle Squadron at Jutland. 1)rwltitt MSS. (Lady Tyrwhitt). Family correspondence of Comlllodore Reginald Yorke Tyrwhitt, who commanded the llal'wich Force throughout the war. Wi1Ul.l"Or MSS. (Royal Archives, Windsor Castle). The papers of KiIlg George V contain correspondence with senior admirals and other naval material. Various officers favoured me with unrecorded facts and personal x PREFACE (:xperiences and impressions: on Jutland-Vice-Admiral Sir (;eoffrey Barnard, a nephew of Admiral Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas; Rear-Admiral H. E. Dannreuther, Gunnery Officer of the battle cruiser Invincible; and Captain H. C. B. Pipon, who was in the Iemeraire (4th Battle Squadron) at Jutland and served as an assistant to Captain Harper in 1919-20, when the latter was preparing the official record of the battle; on the 19 August operation-Vice-Admiral Bertram C. Watson, who was Tyrwhitt's Navigating Officer; and, on Jutland and after, the officers men tioned below who read the manuscript. Those who read the manuscript in its entirety were Admiral Sir William James, who was Sturdee's Flag-Commander in the 1th Battle Squadron, Admiral Sir Reginald Plunkett-Ernle-Erle Drax, Beatty's Flag-Commander and responsible for the opera tional staff work in the Lion; Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Blake, Gunnery Officer of J ellicoe's flagship, the Iron Duke; Rear Admiral W. S. Chalmers, Beatty's official biographer and a member of his staff from August 1915 until after the war; Captain John Creswell, one-time Director of the Tactical School (who also loaned me his fine Naval Staff College lecture of 1931, 'The Operations of 19th August, 1916'); the Official Naval Historian, Captain S. W. Roskill; Lieutenant-Commander P. K. Kemp, Head of Naval Historical Branch and Naval Librarian, Ministry of Defence; and Commander M. G. Saunders, formerly of the Naval Historical Branch. Admiral of the Fleet Lord Chatfield, Beatty's Flag-Captain, and Vice-Admiral Sir James A. G. Troup, Director of the Tactical School after the war, when the final Jutland demonstrations were being prepared, read Chapters I-VI. Admiral Sir Arthur Peters, who was Goodenough's Signal Officer in the Southampton, read Chapters VII-IX, and was also helpful on certain tactical problems elsewhere. To all these gentlemen, for their constructive comments and interesting side lights, my warm thanks-and absolution for all the errors, whether of fact or interpretation, that remain in this volume. To Captain Creswell I am particularly grateful also for his detailed work in the planning and oversight of the charts in this volume; the charting of the Battle of Jutland called for a critical study of the numerous charts in both the British and the German official histories, together with other material, and the production of newly-compiled charts in which clarity would be balanced Xl PREFACE against the need to provide all relevant information for the reader. For the finished drawings (including the diagrams in the text) I am grateful, as before, to Mr. N. Atherton, formerly of the Hydro graphic Department, Ministry of Defence, and Miss G. Savage and colleagues, of that Department. I am also grateful to the University of Hawaii and to the University of California, Irvine, for financial assistance and teaching-load reductions; the American Philosophical Society, for financial assistance; Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Gretton, late Deputy Chief of Naval Staff and Fifth Sea Lord, for assistance in a myriad of ways; the Dowager Countess J ellicoe, for permitting me to see post-Jutland letters from the Admiral, also those from Admiral Sir Charles Madden (alas, little of Jellicoe's family correspondence has survived) ; Dr. Carl Stroven, Librarian of the University of Hawaii, and Mr. John Smith, Librarian of the University of California, Irvine, and their most competent staffs, for handling countless requests with dispatch; Commander Kemp and that valiant, undermanned band in the Naval Historical Branch and the Naval Library, for so patiently putting up with my constant harassment; Admiral Sir Geoffrey Oliver, Vice Admirals Sir Francis Pridham and J. C. W. Henley, Captain L. E. H. Llewellyn, Gunnery Officer of the Queen Mary at Jutland, and Commander R. T. Young, for clarifying various points con cerned with British gunnery and naval ordnance; Vice-Admiral Sir Aubrey Mansergh, the same re torpedoes; Commander W. B. Rowbotham, for help with a number of problems; Lieutenant Commander D. W. Waters, of the National Maritime Museum, for helping to keep me straight on U-boat and trade-defence matters; Mr. L. J. Gorton, Deputy Keeper of the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum, for solving some puzzles in the Jellicoe MSS.; Mr. Peter Fellows and the rest of the magnificent staff of the Long Room at the Public Record Office, for co operation well beyond the call of duty; and, finally and indis pensably, Mrs. Violet Borges and Mrs. Judith Tokunaga, of the University of Hawaii, for their incomparable secretarial work. I wish to thank the following publishers for their kind permission to quote from the copyright material indicated: Cassell & Co., Ltd. (and, for the first title, Curtis Brown, Ltd., and, for the second, Putnam's & Coward-McCann, Inc.), from Admiral of the Fleet Lord Jellicoe's The Grand Fleet, I914-I6, X1l PREFACE Langhorne Gibson and Vice-Admiral J. E. T. Harper's Riddle of ]utland, and Admiral Sir Reginald Bacon's The Life of John Rushworth, Earl Jellicoe; Christy & Moore, Ltd., from Admiral Sir William Goodenough's A Rough Record; the Executors of the estate of Admiral Sir Frederic Dreyer, from the latter's The Sea f/eritage; Victor Gollancz, Ltd. and Vice-Admiral K. G. B. Dewar, from the latter's The Navy from Within; William Heine mann, Ltd., from Admiral of the Fleet Lord Chatfield's The Navy and Defence; Her Majesty's Stationery Office, from Sir Julian Corbett and Sir Henry Newbolt's History of the Great War. Naval Operations; Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd. and Rear-Admiral W. S. Chalmers, from the latter's The Life and Letters ofD avid, Earl Beatty ; Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., from Captain John Cres well's Naval Warfare; E. S. Mittler & Sohn, from Captain Otto Groos's Der Krieg zur See, I9I4-I9I8. Der Krieg in der Nordsee; John Murray (Publishers) Ltd., from C. Ernest Fayle's History oj tlte Great War. Seaborne Trade; Frederick Muller, Ltd., from Admiral Sir Reginald Bacon and Francis McMurtrie's Modem Naval Strategy; Odhams Press Ltd. and Charles Scribner's Sons, from Sir Winston Churchill's The World Crisis; the Royal United Service Institution, from Vice-Admiral Craig Waller's article, 'The Fifth Battle Squadron at Jutland', in the November 1935 Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. Unpublished Crown copyright material in the Public Record Office is published by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. I would also like to express my appreciation of the privilege which lowe to Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Pridham and the late Vice Admiral K. G. B. Dewar of quoting from certain of their restricted writings. In conclusion, a list of the abbreviations (official or unofficial) that occur in the text follows: A.C.N.S. Assistant Chief of Naval Staff A.P. shell Armour-piercing shell B.C. Battle Cruiser B.C.F. Battle Cruiser Fleet B.C.S. Battle Cruiser Squadron B.F. Battle Fleet B.S. Battle Squadron C.O.S. Chief of the Admiralty War Staff (also Chief of Staff to a Flag Officer Commanding) X1l1 PREFACE C.S. Cruiser Squadron D.C.N.S. Deputy Chief of Naval Staff D.N.C. Director of Naval Construction D.N.I. Director of Naval Intelligence* D.N.O. Director of Naval Ordnance D.O.D. Director of the Operations Division, Admiralty War Staff' G.F. Grand Fleet G.F.B.O.s Grand Fleet Battle Orders L.C.S. Light Cruiser Squadron N.I.D. Naval Intelligence Division, Admiralty R.N.A.S. Royal Naval Air Servicet S.G. (German) Scouting Group S.M. Submarine T.B.D. [Torpedo Boat] Destroyer WIT Wireless telegraphy Irvine, California ARTHUR J. MARDER January I965 "'The title of pre-War Starr days (-1912), revived in T9T(l. A. in Volume ii, I use this in place of'D.I.!).' (Director of the Intelligence Division of tllC War Stall"), which was thc olliciaI tilk, 1912-IB. t Merged with the R.F.C. (Royal Flying Corps) to b,·come the H..A.F. on I April 1910. XIV

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