From the American Civil War to the War on Terror: Three Models of Emergency Law in the United States Supreme Court PDF
Preview From the American Civil War to the War on Terror: Three Models of Emergency Law in the United States Supreme Court
From the American Civil War to the War on Terror . Emily Hartz From the American Civil War to the War on Terror Three Models of Emergency Law in the United States Supreme Court EmilyHartz UniversityofSouthernDenmark Odense Denmark ISBN978-3-642-32632-5 ISBN978-3-642-32633-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-32633-2 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012949658 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) To Carl Schenstrøm Nørrested, Einar Columbus Salvesen, and Viggo Hartz -thanks for looking out for me. . Foreword (Acknowledgments) Fortunately,Ididnotdothisworkallalone.ThelistofindividualsIwanttothank for supervising my project, reading preliminary drafts of papers and chapters, or simplyforkeepingmecompanyandmakingtheprocessmorecheerful,islongand fullofamazingpeople. The current book is based on findings developed during my doctorial studies. Ithereforefirstwanttothankmytwodissertationsupervisors—mymainsupervisor Peter Kemp and my secondary supervisor Lars Erslev Andersen. Peter: Thanks forbelievinginmyprojectfromthestart,forreadingandcriticizingdraftversions ofthedissertationandthanks,inparticular,fortheconfidenceyoushowedinmeby supportingmyproject,evenwhenwedisagreedonmyapproach. Lars: Thanks for reading (and, when needed, devastatingly deconstructing) many draft versions of papers and chapters. But also, and equally important, thanksforhelpingmefocusontheresearchprocessratherthansolelyonthefinal dissertation, and for integrating me into inspiring and lasting research environments. I am very grateful to have had the opportunity to study and carry out research attheHauserGlobalLawSchoolatNYULaw.TheeducationandinspirationIgot at this distinguished institution profoundly shaped my academic approach and brought my research to a new level. In this connection I want to thank Richard Pildes for sponsoring my application, and for following up on my project with inspiringdiscussions.AndJosephWeiler—itisonethingtobeacceptedintoNYU Law’svisitingscholarprogram,butitissomethingelseentirelytobemadetofeel athomeinthisamazingacademicenvironment.Thatiswhatyoumademefeel,and forthatIamforevergrateful. Thanksalsotothemanymembersofthefacultyandthevisitingresearcherswho commented on my work during my stay at NYU Law: Joseph David, Theodore Georgopoulos, Johanna Hey, Dimitrios Kyritsis, Bernard Manin, Pasquale Pasquino,StavrosTsakyrakis,andJeremyWaldron. Iam also gratefultomany people inDenmarkfor readingandcommenting on drafts andpapers along the way. Thanks in particularto all the participants in the NordicSummerUniversity’sstudygroup6andthoseinDenmarkwhocommented vii viii Foreword(Acknowledgments) onpapersoutsideoftheNordicSummerUniversitycontext,especially:GryArdal Christensen, Janne Bjerre Christensen, Line Felding, Søren Hove, Thor Hvidbak, David Jenkins, Daniella Kuzmanovic, Henrik Palmer Olsen, Frederik Rose´n, and MikkelThorup. ThankstomyAssessmentCommittee:DavidGolove,HellePorsdam,andAsger Sørensen. Thanks for your valuable critique and encouragement to pursue this book-project. Thanks also to my editor Anke Seyfried. Thank you for helping me shape the structure and thereby develop the findings from my dissertation into a book. And thankyoualsoforgentlereminderstokeepontrackwhenthetemptationtoworkon otherthings(ornottoworkatall)camebetweenmeandthisbook-project. Thanks to the Danish Research Council, The Fulbright Commission, Knud Højgaards Fond and Ernst Andersen og Tove Dobel Andersens Fond for their generous economic support of this project. Thanks are also owed to the Bikuben Foundation’sgenerousgrantofafullyearofhousinginthebrandnewAcademic Guesthouse on West 74th Street in New York City, to Irene Krarup for her tremendous work as administrator of the building, and to the group of inspiring anddedicatedpeoplewholivedinthehouseduringitsfirstyear.Icouldnotthinkof abetterframeformystudiesinNewYork. IwanttoextendaspecialthankstoSørenH.andSørenM.,whobothwrotetheir doctorial dissertations in the same time span as I. Thanks for sharing the ups anddownsoftheprocesswithme:coffeeatLevain’s,stopwatches,andmiserable cellarsunder hotels inØsterbro have awhole newmeaningthankstothe time we spentwritingtogether. FinallytoPeterB. thanksfor at timesmaking meforget completelythat Iwas writing a book and, at other times, helping me make space so I could forget everythingelse. Thankyouallverymuch. Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PartI ThreeModelsofEmergencyLaw 2 TheRightsModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1 LegalandPhilosophicalArticulations oftheRightsModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 TheCourt’sEmploymentoftheRights ModelinExParteMilligan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 ExParteMilliganandInherentDifficulties oftheRightsModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 TheExtralegalModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.1 PhilosophicalandLegalArticulationsofthe ExtralegalModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 TheExtralegalModelandtheJapaneseInternmentCases. . . . . . 26 3.3 Hirabayashiv.UnitedStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.4 Korematsuv.UnitedStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 ExParteMitsuyeEndo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6 JusticeJackson’sCritiqueoftheExtralegalModel. . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.7 TheExtralegalModelandthePrizeCases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4 ProceduralModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.1 PhilosophicalArticulationsoftheProceduralModel. . . . . . . . . . 43 4.2 TheProceduralModelandExParteQuirin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.3 TheProceduralModelandYoungstown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.4 TheProblematicElasticityoftheProceduralModel. . . . . . . . . . 54 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 ix
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