From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa PDF
Preview From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa
FROM PROTEST TO PARTIES This page intentionally left blank FROM PROTEST TO PARTIES Party-Building and Democratization in Africa ADRIENNE LEBAS 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #AdrienneLeBas2011 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2011 Firstpublishedinpaperback2013 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN 978–0–19–954686–2(Hbk) ISBN 978–0–19–967300–1(Pbk) For my parents The progress of human liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her august claims have been born of earnest struggle. The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all- absorbing, and for the time being, putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing. Frederick Douglass Citizens who are individually powerless do not very clearly anticipate the strength which they may acquire by uniting together. It must be shown to them in order to be understood. Alexis de Tocqueville Acknowledgments Inthecourseofwritingabook,oneaccumulatesmanydebts.Thisisespecially true in my case, as fieldwork in Zimbabwe in 2002–6 was complicated by political crisis and economic collapse. I am grateful to the many individuals who agreed to talk to me, sometimes at personal risk. I am indebted to the manyotherswhovouchedformytrustworthiness,easedmymovementwithin and across Zimbabwe’s borders, and “sorted” my petrol and forex, despite whatwasdoubtlessanannoyingover-usageofthephrase“nownow.”Finally, to the many Zimbabweans who had to remain nameless or uncited in these pages,yourhelpisgratefullyrememberedhere. This book began as a dissertation, and I must thank my teachers who shaped the arguments here and did so much to point the way. Jack Snyder, Charles Tilly, and Mahmood Mamdani were excellent advisors during the writing, and Anthony Marx bears a good bit of responsibility for it being written in the first place. Jack’s enthusiasm for the project has never flagged, andIthankhimforpushingmeinthedirectionofbroadercomparisonsand bigger claims. It is a great sadness that Chuck did not live to see this book sitting on his shelf, but it heartens me to know that he would find his fingerprints all over the pages that follow. I am certain that, given a few more hours and a whiteboard, he and I could have come up with a still stronger,simpler,andmorecompellingwayofpresentingtheargumentshere. In addition to my luck with mentors, I have been lucky with institutions. After funders expressed doubts about the feasibility of research on political oppositioninZimbabwe,anumberofinstitutesatColumbiaUniversitymade thefieldworkpossible.TheInstituteforHistoricalSocialScienceprovidedthe fellowship that allowed me to start fieldwork, and smaller grants from the Institute of African Studies and the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies allowed me to stay in the field for longer than I had planned. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC and the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy at Columbia provided office space and other support during the research and writing of thedissertation.Ithankthefollowingforaccesstotheirarchives:theNational ArchivesofKenya;theNationalArchivesofZambia;theNationalArchivesof Zimbabwe;theZambianConsolidatedCopperMines;theZambianCongress of Trade Unions; the Zimbabwean Congress of Trade Unions; the National ConstitutionalAssemblyinZimbabwe;thespecialcollectionsoftheUniversi- ty of Zambia; and the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) in Nairobi. In Kenya, the Congress of Trade Unions and the Kenya Human viii Acknowledgments Rights Commission also provided access to materials. In the United States, I thank the United States Library of Congress and the New York Public Library’s Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture for access to their collections. In the United Kingdom, I benefited from the newspaper collections of the British Library. Portions of Chapters 5 and 7 draw on materialinitiallypublishedinComparativePolitics38:4(2006).Thismaterial isreprintedwithpermission. After leaving Columbia, Nuffield College at the University of Oxford provided a stable home over the course of several years. Nuffield supported additional fieldwork for the project, as well as for new research that has informed the arguments that I make here. I thank Christel Kesler, Maria Sobolewska, and the community of Nuffield post-doc fellows, too large to mention individually here. The Department of Political Science at Michigan StateUniversityandtheDepartmentofGovernmentatAmericanUniversity’s School of Public Affairs also provided collegial environments in which to write. Michigan State provided funding for field research in Kenya. I thank bothuniversitiesfortheirsupport. In Zimbabwe, I owe special thanks to the Movement for Democratic Change, especially Nelson Chamisa, Last Maengehama, and Dennis Murira. My colleagues at the University of Zimbabwe and in the Department of EconomicHistorywereasourceofsupportandadvice.Iamespeciallygrateful toEiraKramer,JohnMakumbe,andJosephMtisi.Imustalsothank,among somanyothers,ChenChimutengwende,GodfreyKanyenze,TimothyKondo, Chris Kuruneri, Andrew Mudharara, Ralph Nkomo, Lucia Matibenga, Sam Moyo, and Sikhululekile Mkandla. I am grateful to friends David and MelanieMcDermottHughes,ErinMcCandless,andEzekielPajibo,whowere in Zimbabwe during portions of the fieldwork. In Zambia, Marja Hineflaar and Opa Kapijimpanga extended hospitality and guidance. In Kenya, Otieno Aluokahasbeenanexcellentfriendandfacilitator,andJacobAchieng,Ejidiah Gachika, Patricia Kubai, and Eunice Ndomo provided research assistance atdifferentpoints. As I presented pieces of this project over the years, it was strengthened by questionsandcriticismfrommanyindividuals.Thoughthisisalmostcertain- ly a woefully incomplete list, I am grateful for comments from: Jocelyn Alexander, David Anderson, Nancy Bermeo, Scott Blinder, Cristina Bodea, Michael Bratton, Kanchan Chandra, Nic Cheeseman, Daniel Compagnon, Tyler Dickovick, Geoff Evans, Julia Gallagher, Macartan Humphreys, Elisa- beth Ivarsflaten, James Jasper, Laleh Khalili, Desmond King, Jackie Klopp, Norma Kriger, Miles Larmer, Johannes Lindvall, Carolyn Logan, Anthony Marx, Sam Moyo, Ngonidzashe Munemo, Dan Nexon, Brian Raftopoulos, Philipp Rehm, Rachel Beatty Riedl, Phil Roessler, Antoine Roger, Meredith Rolfe, Alexandra Scacco, Gilles Serra, Dan Slater, David Soskice, Sidney Tarrow, Scott Taylor, Nick Toloudis, Nicolas Van de Walle, and two Acknowledgments ix anonymous reviewers for Oxford University Press. Diego Gambetta offered insightsandencouragementatseveralpoints,asdidMichaelBratton,whowas my down-the-hall colleague for far too short a time. Eric Little, Richard Norrie,andJenniferYelleprovidedexcellentresearchassistance.Iappreciate the feedback provided by the Contentious Politics Workshop at Columbia University, the Junior Faculty Workshop at Michigan State, and the Nuffield College Politics and Sociology Post-Doc Seminar, as well as audiences at several universities and conferences. Finally, I thank Dominic Byatt, Jennifer Lunsford, Lizzy Suffling, and the rest of the OUP production staff for their patienthelpinbringingthisbooktopress. Iamgratefultothemanyfriendswhosawmethroughthehighsandlowsof thedecade-longprocessofwritingthisbook,especiallyCristinaBodea,Katie Cecil, Thomas Kenyon, Laleh Khalili, Denis Maslov, Cristian Meghea, Mer- edithRolfe,JenniferTennant, PhilTsui, andRobertTrager. Iamalsodeeply thankfulforthefriendshipandcareofPatriciaKasiamhuru,whosegenerosity and sense of humor lightened many loads. Without her, Zimbabwe would have remained a foreign place, and I might not miss it as much as I do. The largestshareofmygratitudemustgotomyfamily–myparents,mybrothers Joe and Will, and my sister-in-law Lauren – for their constant love, support, andencouragement.Thisbookisdedicatedtomyparents,JoeandEdieLeBas, who taught me the value of integrity, social justice, and a well-phrased argument.Ihopetheyseesomeofthatinthepagesthatfollow.
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