From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920

390 Pages·5.956 MB·English

by  Paul C. Helmreich

From Paris
To Sèvres
The Partition of the Ottoman Empire
at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920
Paul C. Helmreich
Ohio State University Press
Columbus

Copyright© 1974 by the Ohio State University Press
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
1. Paris. Peace Conference, 1919. Turkey.
2. European War, 1914-1918—'Territorial questions-Turkey . I. Title.
D651.T9H44 949.6 ^ 73-12812
ISBN 0-8142-0170-9
Manufactured in the United States of America
All rights reserved

TO MY PARENTS ^ ERNST CHRISTIAN
AND LOUISE ROBERTS HELMREICH

Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter I The Aims and Attitudes of the Great Powers 3
The Armistice of Mudros / Wartime
Agreements and Commitments / Aims of
the Great Powers / New Friction in Paris
/ The League and the Mandate System
Chapter II The Claims of the Near Eastern Delegations 38
Greek Claims / Armenian Claims / Arab
Claims: Syria / Zionist Claims: Palestine
Chapter III The Dispatch of a Commission of Inquiry
to the Near East 64
Decision to Send a Commission of Inquiry
/ French and British Attempts to Reverse
the Decision / Negotiations Between Fei-
sal and Clemenceau / Anglo-French Dif­
ferences over Syria
Chapter IV The Committee on Greek Affairs and the
Occupation of Smyrna 83
The Report of the Greek Committee /
Rejection of the Report / United States
Capitulation on Greek Claims / Greek
Occupation of Smyrna
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter V Anatolia and Constantinople: The Question
of Mandates 107
The Constantinople Government and the
C.U.P. / The Turkish Delegation to the
Peace Conference / Decision to Partition
Anatolia / Decision Not to Partition Ana­
tolia
Chapter VI The British Evacuation of Armenia and
Syria 131
Britain Withdraws from Armenia /
French Occupation of Syria / Attempts
to Revoke the September Agreement
Chapter VII Frontiers in Thrace and Occupation Zones
in Asia Minor 153
Partial Solution in Thrace / Greek and
Italian Zones of Occupation in Asia Minor
/ The Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement / Dis­
patch of a Commission of Inquiry to
Smyrna / Report of the Milne Commis­
sion / Report of the Smyrna Commission
/ Britain Stands by Greece
Chapter VIII Anglo-French Private Negotiations 179
Anglo-French Tensions / The December
Discussions / Anatolian Mandates /
Greek, Italian, and French Claims to Asia
Minor / Constantinople and the Straits
/ Control of the Anatolian Turkish State
Chapter IX Further Anglo-French Discussions 201
Armenia / Kurdistan I Mosul / Oil Rights
/ Syria and Palestine / New Anglo-French
Complications Appear
Chapter X The Turkish Nationalists and the Peace Ne­
gotiations 230
Program of the Nationalists / The Allies
and the Nationalists / Effect of the Na­
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
tionalist Movement on December Anglo-
French Conversations
Chapter XI The Conference of London: The Turkish
State 242
Constantinople / The Straits / Financial
Control of the Turkish State / Spheres
of Influence in Turkey / Military Provi­
sions / Minorities
Chapter XII The ^Conference of London: Non-Turkish
Territories and Treaty Enforcement 265
Greek Claims / Armenia / Syria and
Palestine / Oil Rights / North Africa /
The Occupation of Constantinople / The
Conference of London and the United
States
Chapter XIII The Conference at San Remo 291
The Turkish State / Non-Turkish Terri­
tories / Oil Rights / The San Remo Con­
ference and the United States / The San
Remo Conference and the Turkish Na­
tionalists
Chapter XIV The Treaty of Sevres 314
Press Reaction to the Treaty / The Na­
tionalist-French Cease-Fire Agreement /
Greek Intervention / Cancellation of the
Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement / Signing of
the Treaty / Evaluation / The Peace
Treaty in Perspective
Appendixes JJ9
Armistice with Turkey / The Sykes-Picot
Agreement / Maps
Bibliography J49
Index J<59