From Normativity to Responsibility PDF
Preview From Normativity to Responsibility
From Normativity to Responsibility This page intentionally left blank From Normativity to Responsibility Joseph Raz 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #JosephRaz2011 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2011 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–969381–8 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents 1. TheHope 1 Part One: On Normativity 2. Reasons:ExplanatoryandNormative 13 3. Reasons:PracticalandAdaptive 36 4. OntheGuiseoftheGood 59 5. Reason,Rationality,andNormativity 85 Part Two: On Practical Reasoning 6. EpistemicModulations 107 7. PracticalReasoning 129 8. TheMythofInstrumentalRationality 141 9. ReasonsinConflict 173 10. Numbers:WithandWithoutContractualism 193 11. PromotingValue? 211 Part Three: On Responsibility 12. BeingintheWorld 227 13. ResponsibilityandtheNegligenceStandard 255 Bibliography 270 Index 275 Acknowledgements Nineofthechaptersinthisbookarebasedonpreviouslypublishedarticles.Allofthem havebeenchangedtoimprovetheirarguments,tointegratethemintheschemeofthe book,andtominimizerepetition.Anotherchapterborrowssomeideasfromanearlier publication. The places of publication of those articles were: Chapter 2: C. Sandis (ed.),NewEssaysontheExplanationofAction(Basingstoke:Palgrave/Macmillan,2009). Chapter 3: D. Sobel and S. Wall (eds.), Reasons for Action (Cambridge: CUP, 2009). Chapter 4: S. Tenenbaum (ed.), Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good (New York:OUP,2010). Chapter 5:R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Oxford StudiesinMetaEthics, vol.5(Oxford:OUP,2010).Chapter8:JournalforEthicsandSocialPhilosophy1(2005) (http://www.jesp.org/).Chapter9:P.BaumanandM.Belzler(eds.),PracticalConflicts (New York: CUP, 2004). Chapter 10: P. Stratton-Lake (ed.), On What We Owe to EachOther(Oxford:Blackwell,2005).Chapter11:borrowssomeideasfromalecture entitled‘TheForceofNumbers’publishedinRoyalInstituteofPhilosophyLectures2003 (Cambridge: CUP, 2004). Chapter 12: borrows from two papers: ‘Being in the World’,Ratio(2010),and‘AgencyandLuck’,inU.HeuerandG.Lang(eds.),Themes fromtheEthicsofB.Williams(Oxford:OUP,2011).Chapter13:OxfordJournalofLegal Studies30(2010),1. Drafts of various chapters were presented at various conferences and colloquia including the following: Chapter 3 at a conference on practical reason at Bowling Green, 7–9 April 2006. Chapter 4: conference organized by D. Enoch in Jerusalem 2008, and The Moral Philosophy Seminar, Oxford 2009. Chapter 5: philosophy workshopinLeeds,andtheannualconferenceoftheBritishSocietyforEthicalTheory atCUNY’sGraduateCenter,in2006,ataconferenceinSantaBarbarain2008,andat theMetaethicsConferenceinMadison,Wisc.,in2009.Chapter8:theWarrenQuinn Conference at UCLA in November 2004 where I had the benefit of comments by T. Shapiro, and at a conference at the University of Maryland in 2005. Chapter 10: conferenceatReading2003.Chapter11:RoyalInstituteofPhilosophy&Philosophy ColloquiumSheffield,2003.Chapter12:aphilosophyconferenceatReading2009,a conferenceonthemesfromtheworkofB.Williams2009.Chapter13:HartLecture, Oxford 2010. Several of the chapters were presented at C. Korsgaard’s seminar at Harvard 2007, and others at M. Smith’s seminar at Princeton 2008, both of which generatedchallengingandrewardingdiscussions. I am grateful to participants in those occasions. I owe a special debt for comments and advice from Nico Kolodny, David Owens, Ulrike Heuer, David Enoch, Kieran Setiya, Barbara Herman, Anthony Price, Doug Lavin, Tom Pink, Stephen Everson, RebeccaPrebble,NandiTheunissen,PeterRailton,andGeoffSayre-McCord.Ialso ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii benefited from comments by J. Adler, A. Archer, J. Broome, J. Brunero, P. Bloom- field, G. A. Cohen, J. Finnis, L. Green, M. Kalderon, P. Kitcher, R. Kumar, J. Lenowitz, B. Lewis, T. Macklem, A. Marmor, M. Martin, V. Mitova, V. Munoz- Darde´, C. Peacocke, D. Priel, C. Redondo, A. Reisner, S. Ripon, I. Rumfitt, S. Shapiro,G.Sela,S.Shiffrin,M.Smith,J.Stapleton,GaryWatson,L.Wenar,J.Wolff, G.Yaffe,andtwoanonymousrefereesforOUP.AboveallIamgratefultoP.Bulloch who read and discussed with me the book in its entirely, and whose help was invaluable. This page intentionally left blank 1 The Hope ThisisnotthebookIintendedtowrite.Itispartofthatintention.AsIcametorealize whattheintendedbookrequiresIsawthatitwouldbetoosprawlingandtoolongin the writing. This chapter is in part about what the book I have written does not include. Perhaps there will be another. In any case, in rough form much of what is missing here exists in other publications.1 But let me try to explain what the book offers. There is no compelling starting point, especially as the journey is long, and I visit manyportsenroute.SoIwillstartwithaction.IreallywanttostartwithourBeingin the World, though the phrase may bring associations, helpful or unhelpful. Action is justoneaspectofourBeingintheWorld,amuchwidertopicthatincludeshowwe feel about our bodies, how we feel about where we are and how we got there. It encompassesourthoughts,imaginings,feelings,emotions,andotherattitudestohow we are, and to how the world is. Much of what will be said can be applied to these broadermatters.But,tohaveastartingpoint,Iwillstartwithactions,andthoseaspects ofmentallifedirectlyinvolvedwithactionsandactivities. Thischoice,likeanyother,isnotneutralinitsorientation.Ouractionsandactivities are many and diverse. The terms connote being active. But actions are not the only way we are active. So are some of our thoughts, beliefs, imaginings, and emotions. Besides, not all our actions and activities are active, at least not to the same degree. They shade into passivity. For example, we digest what we eat, but digesting is something that happens within us, something that happens to us, rather than some- thingwedo,atleastifwhatwedoimpliesbeingactive.Inthiscaseitisourbodiesthat are active, but they are active in the way that trees are active when they grow (and passive when they sway in the wind), that flowers are active when they bloom (and passive when they feed the birds). There are actions and activities that are ours not merely in virtue of being the actions or activities of our bodies, or perhaps without beingtheactions or activities ofour bodies at all(even ifthey arenecessarily accom- paniedbysomebodilyprocesses). We also breathe, and breathing, while being partly like digesting, something that happens within us without our active involvement, is not altogether so. We can 1 Esp.inThePracticeofValue(Oxford:OUP,2003);thesecondpartofEngagingReason(Oxford:OUP, 1999);andValue,RespectandAttachment(Cambridge:CUP,2001).
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