ebook img

From NEUROSCIENCE To NEUROLOGY: Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and the Therapeutic Transformation of Neurology PDF

545 Pages·2004·14.33 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview From NEUROSCIENCE To NEUROLOGY: Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and the Therapeutic Transformation of Neurology

FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page iii From NEUROSCIENCE To NEUROLOGY Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and the Therapeutic Transformation of Neurology Edited by STEPHEN WAXMAN, MD, PhD Yale University AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page iv Elsevier Academic Press th 200 Wheeler Road, 6 Floor, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. ⬁ Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc., except for Chapters 1, 16, and 28, which are in the Public Domain. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page v Contents Preface vii 7. Botulinum Toxins: Transformation Contributors ix of a Toxin into a Treatment 125 I. Clinical Rewards From Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and Translational 8. Prospects for Slowing the Progression Research of Parkinson’s Disease 141 1. Seeing the Brain So We Can Save It: 9. Current Neurosurgical Treatments The Evolution of Magnetic Resonance for Parkinson’s Disease: Imaging as a Clinical Tool 3 Where Did They Come From? 159 2. Advances in the Acute Treatment and 10. Treatable Peripheral Neuropathies: Secondary Prevention of Stroke 21 Plasma Exchange, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Other Emerging Therapies 175 3. Preserving Function in Acute Nervous System Injury 35 11. Molecular Pharmacology and the Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome 4. Slowing the Progression of Multiple and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Sclerosis 61 Disorder 183 5. The Emergence of Neurosurgical 12. Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and Approaches to the Treatment of New Approaches to the Treatment of Epilepsy 81 Depression and Anxiety 193 6. The Neurobiology of Migraine and Transformation of Headache Therapy 107 FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page vi vi Contents II. Moving Toward The Clinic: 22. Cellular Plasticity of the Adult Human Evolving Themes and Technologies Brain 375 13. Genomics, Proteomics, and 23. Harnessing Endogenous Stem Cells for Neurology 217 Central Nervous System Repair 387 14. Neuroprotection: Where Are We 24. Neuropathies—Translating Causes Going? 237 into Treatments 405 15. Prospects for Gene Therapy for Central 25. Therapeutic Potential of Neurotrophic Nervous System Disease 267 Factors 419 16. Therapeutics Development for Hereditary 26. Promoting the Regeneration of Axons Neurological Diseases 285 within the Central Nervous System 433 17. Inherited Channelopathies of the CNS: 27. Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Features, Lessons for Clinical Neurology 293 Neuropathological and Biochemical Abnormalities, Genetics, Models, and Experimental Therapeutics 445 18. Inherited Channelopathies of Muscle: Implications for Therapy 303 28. Behavioral Intervention and Recovery from CNS Damage 459 19. Transcriptional Channelopathies of the Nervous System: New Targets for Molecular Medicine 319 29. What Functional Brain Imaging Will Mean for Neurology 471 20. New Molecular Targets for the Treatment Index 493 of Neuropathic Pain 339 21. Therapeutic Transfer and Regeneration of Neural Progenitors or Neurons in Gray Matter of the Adult Brain 357 FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page vii Preface When I was a boy about five years old, I asked a grownup “will advances in neuroscience, tells the stories of how neuro- men ever be able to travel to the moon?” and the answer was logical therapeutics were developed—or are being devel- “it’s impossible.” oped. The first part of this book reviews the development Less than two decades later, as a medical student working in of new therapies in neurology, from their inception in London, I watched on television as a man walked on the moon. terms of basic science to their introduction into the clin- The “impossible” had become possible. ical world. Within the first section, authors address the This book focuses on the remarkable transformation questions: How has the revolution in neurology occurred? that has occurred within neurology, a transformation from What lessons can we learn from past successes? Can these the “impossible” to the possible. lessons help us to ensure progress in the future? The second Twenty-five years ago computed tomography had just part of this volume explores evolving themes and new become available and was rapidly evolving, but magnetic technologies. Changes in the practice of neurology have resonance imaging was not yet feasible in the clinical been driven by advances in the laboratory. But, in paral- realm. Medical students at some institutions were taught lel with the transformation of clinical neurology, neuro- to try not to make the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis science and molecular medicine are moving forward early in its course, since there was little that could be rapidly and are generating new information and perspec- done. Some senior neurologists—good clinicians—made tives at an ever-increasing rate. The chapters in the sec- the diagnosis of MS and then walked away from the bed- ond part of the book explore rapidly-advancing areas of side, since there was little to offer in the way of effective research which may hold the key to still other therapeu- therapy. Peripheral neuropathies were regarded as tic advances. Hopefully these chapters will provide a untreatable. Strokes were treated with bed rest, and not roadmap for the future. much else. Who knows what neurology will be like twenty-five Now, only a few decades later, we have access to imag- years from now? There will undoubtedly be additional, ing techniques that portray the brain and spinal cord— and very powerful, diagnostic methods. And there will noninvasively—in elegant detail. There are five approved almost certainly be new, and more effective, therapies for drugs for MS, which favorably modify its course. Plasma patients with disorders of the nervous system. Some of exchange is routinely and effectively used to treat these advances will be outgrowths of research that is Guillain-Barré syndrome. Strokes are prevented by ongoing at this time, while others may come from aggressive diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, and advances that have not yet been imagined. We cannot are sometimes reversed with thrombolysis. These changes know for sure, at this time, which diseases of the nervous in our therapeutic armamentarium are only the tip of system will be cured, and which symptoms will be totally an iceberg. New and more effective treatments for alleviated in two decades. We can, however, predict with Parkinson’s disease, migraine, spasticity, and dystonia at a high degree of certainty that, as each year passes, the all at hand, and there is more to come. therapeutic transformation of neurology will continue The goal of this book is to capture the trajectory, and so that, in each new decade, an increasing number of the creative processes, underlying the revolution that is neurological disorders will yield to therapy. That is going on in neurology. This book, rather than being a almost a certainty. And it is to that goal that this book is compendium of neurological therapeutics or of recent dedicated. vii FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page viii viii Preface ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the scenes, have been partners in the battle against dis- abling neurological disorders. I also extend my thanks to This book could not have been written without the Sheila MacMillan who guided most of the chapters efforts of its chapter authors and to them I am most through early stages of the editing process, to my col- grateful. On their behalf, I express deep thanks to the leagues who encouraged me at every juncture, and to my many individuals and organizations that have supported family who endured the closed door of my study while I research on disorders of the nervous system. The worked on this book. Finally, I am indebted to Academic Paralyzed Veterans of America, the United Spinal Press and, particularly, to Karen Dempsey who very ably Association, and their leadership deserve special thanks handled the editorial process at Academic Press, and for unwavering commitment and support. I am especially Jasna Markovac whose encouragement helped make this grateful to Dan Flaherty and Sandra Kulli who, behind book a reality. FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page ix Contributors Amy Arnsten, Department of Neurobiology, Yale Fred H. Gage, Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk University School of Medicine, New Haven, Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California Connecticut Daniel H. Geschwind, Department of Neurology, Aviva Abosch, Department of Neurology and Surgery, University of California Los Angeles School of Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory Medicine, Los Angeles, California University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia Steve Goldman, Department of Neurology, University Arthur A. Asbury, Department of Neurology, Hospital of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Edward D. Hall, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Pennsylvania Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Hayrunnisa Bolay, Department of Neurology, Gazi Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey Mark Hallett, Human Motor Control Section, National Sophia A. Colamarino, Laboratory of Genetics, The Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Cynthia L. Comella, Department of Neurology, Rush Jill Heemskerk, Technology Development, National Presbyterian St. Lukes Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Theodore R. Cummins, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, George R. Heninger, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, Indiana Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut Gary H. Danton, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Amie W. Hsia, Department of Neurology, Stanford Florida University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California W. Dalton Dietrich, The Miami Project and Ole Isacson, Neurorenegeration Laboratories, Harvard Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Massachusetts Jerome Engel, Reed Neurological Research Center, Joseph Jankovic, Department of Neurology, Baylor Neurology Department #1250, Los Angeles, California College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Kenneth H. Fischbeck, National Institute of Dmitri M. Kullman, Experimental Epilepsy Group, Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom of Health, Bethesda, Maryland D. Chichung Lie, Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk R.S.J. Frackowiak, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom ix FM.qxd 9/7/04 9:33 AM Page x x Contributors Kenneth L. Marek, The Institute for Neurodegenerative Lance Simpson, Department of Biochemistry and Disease and Yale University School of Medicine, New Molecular Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Haven, Connecticut Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Christiane Massicotte, Department of Clinical Studies, Hongjun Song, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland John C. Mazziotta, Brain Mapping Center, University Stephen Strittmatter, Department of Neurology, Yale of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los University School of Medicine, New Haven, Angeles, California 90095 Connecticut Stephen B. McMahon, Center for Neuroscience, King’s Patrick G. Sullivan, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury College—London, London, United Kingdom Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky Michael A. Moskowitz, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Mark H. Tuszynski, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Massachusetts California Beth Murinson, Department of Neurology, Johns Jerrold L. Vitek, Center for Neurological Restoration, Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio James H. Park, Department of Neurology, Yale Bernhard Voller, Human Motor Control Section, University School of Medicine, New Haven, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Connecticut Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Donald L. Price, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Benjamin L. Walter, Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Richard A. Rudick, The Mellen Center, Cleveland Ohio Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio Steven Warach, Stroke Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Robert L. Ruff, Neurology Service, Cleveland Veteran’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Peter D. Schellinger, Stroke Diagnostics and Maryland Therapeutics, National Institute of Neurological Steven G. Waxman, Department of Neurology and the Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Bethesda, Maryland Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Steven Scherer, Department of Neurology, The Connecticut University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, John N. Wood, Department of Anatomy and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Developmental Biology, University College, London, Lorelei D. Shoemaker, Neuroscience Interdepartmental United Kingdom PhD Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Ch01.qxd 9/2/04 11:07 AM Page 1 P A R T I Clinical Rewards From Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine, and Translational Research

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.