from late bronze age to early iron age in south east sicily

265 Pages·2009·27.18 MB·English

FROM LATE BRONZE AGE TO EARLY IRON AGE IN
SOUTH EAST SICILY: STUDIES ON THE MATERIAL
REMAINS FROM THE CEMETERIES OF PANTALICA,
DESSUERI, CALTAGIRONE AND CASSIBILE.
By
ROBERT LEIGHTON
Thesis for degree Ph. D
submitted of
University Edinburgh
of
June 1983
w'
c-
ýiý
ii
- -
Declaration
I declare that the for
research and writing of
this thesis by
was undertaken entirely myself.
Robert Leighton
June 1983.
iii
- -
Abstract
Age Early Iron Age South East
The Late Bronze and cultures of
documented by the tombs the Pantalica
Sicily of culture which
are
Orsi's
first investigated by Paolo Orsi
about a century ago.
were
for
excavations preserved study a rich collection of pottery and
have been frequently to by
bronze referred writers
artefacts which
Orsi's time.
since
the Pantalica
One the culture
of major concerns of past studies of
based the
has been to local
establish a chronological sequence on
from the
typological development the types
of appropriate material
tombs. In this has
since
retrospect process evolved continuously
Orsi the Sicily in 'Siculan The
outlined prehistory of periods'.
first traces the important developments in
chapter protohistoric
the last
chronology over century.
Despite the frequent the Pantalica has
attention which culture
the has fully discussed the
received no study of period various ele-
the in the tombs. The back-
ments of material culture represented
bone this is devoted to discussions, in
of study separate sections,
the from the tombs,
of various artefacts all relevant as classified
by type.
This because the the
method of analysis was selected of state of
Orsi's the
evidence and of previous work. publications remain essen-
tial for the but his the
records period while general appraisals of
finds thanks to his interpretative insight
are still valuable and
learning, fuller the Sicilian demands
a understanding of material
that be to in
attention payed contemporary cultures, particularly
Italy the Aegean. The discussion in the
and of material central
this has therefore the
section of work concentrated on chronology
(on
the basis type-associations), the forms
of source of various
(on
the basis local foreign
there-
of precedents or parallels)
and
fore the the formation
the
on question of and cultural make-up of
Pantalica facies the framework
within general of protohistoric
studies.
In the third this the has
section of work writer reconsidered
the Pantalica have been largely
some aspects of culture which
iv
- -
The tombs
ignored Orsi themselves the
wrote. and various
since
funerary deserve in terms
the
rite reappraisal of chron-
aspects of
factors. In this
cultural and geographical section
ological,
the information in
the
author concentrated on relevant scattered
Orsi's the in to
writings, organizing evidence sections relating
the the funerary Some tombs
various aspects of rite. recording of
in the field by the incorporated into the discus-
author was also
It is hoped that this least demonstrate the
sion. section will at
for further to be from
potential study gained recording and recon-
funerary
the themselves.
sideration of monuments
-v-
Acknowledgements
(Palermo
to Dr. G. Falsone University)
thanks
My go
special
to in Sicily in 1978
this
subject of research me
suggested
who
last five has facilitated
the
years, encouraged and
over
and who,
in fieldwork, in Sicily.
excavation and research
my participation
friends in Sicily the
Many made process of research more enjoyable
to the formulation ideas
and profitable and contributed of my
in this
expressed work.
(Palerm) (Lausanne)
Dr. V. Fatta Dr. H. Anagnostou kindly
and
discussed the Sant'Angelo Muxaro in
assemblage of with me advance
(Catania
did Dr. R. M. Albanese Procelli
of publication as also
University) in the the Realmese Dr. F.
case of necropolis.
(Palermo) (Lipari)
Spatafora Dr. L. Bernabo-Brea kindly
and
their the Phoenician influence to
expounded views on subject of
(University
Dr. M. Bell Virginia) interest
me and of encouraged my
in Morgantina, to the
protohistoric allowing access all material.
Thanks due to the Sicilian
are authorities of a number of museums
for to to
allowing me view and photograph material, particularly
Dr. U. Spigo Syracuse for the Paolo Orsi library,
at museum use of
for Orsi's Pantalica
consultation of manuscripts and study of
(Brest) (Edinburgh)
Mr. D. Collin Ms. C. Castelino
material. and
to
accompanied me on visits many protohistoric sites and assis-
(Palermo)
ted Dr. G. Mannino kindly took the
with recording.
trouble to take amour the
me on an exhaustive of prehistoric col-
lections the Palermo detailed,
of museum and provided me with un-
forgettable descriptions his in
of explorations and excavations
(Sassari
Western Sicily. Dr. F. Lo Schiavo Nuoro)
allowed
-
her drawings Sicilian fibulae in
consultation of of advance of
her in the Prähistorische Bronzefunde
publication series and
(The
these in this thesis.
reproduction of some of sources of
drawings indicated in the list
a number of other are of plates).
(Edinburgh
Mr. David Ridgway University) kindly fulfilled
the
to the
role of supervisor and encouraged me complete research
time Ms. C. Castelino
within a reasonable period. patiently
the
assisted with correction of manuscript.
vi
- -
Contents
i
Title
page
ii
Declaration
iii
Abstract
Acknowledgements v
Contents vi
Figures
List viii
of
Key to in viii
sites numbered maps
List Plates
x
of
Abbreviations
xiii
1
Quotation
2
Introduction
Chapter 1: The development Sicilian Protohistoric
of a
Chronology, from 1899 to 1980
South East Sicily 6
North East Sicily the Aeolian Islands 15
and
Chapter 2: Bronze Artefacts Pottery Types
and
fibulae 22
Violin-bow
Arched fibulae knobs 24
with
Fibulae thin bow, decorated 30
with arched round section,
Fibulae bow 32
with arched round section
Fibula twisted bow 34
with
Fibula bow 35
with squared/rectangular section
Spiral fibulae 37
Fibula thickened bow incised decoration 38
with and annular
'Cassibile' fibulae 39
Mirrors 44
Spirals, Armlets Rings 47
and
Rings bezels 49
with oval
Bronze buttons 52
conical
Swords daggers 54
and
Curved One-edged knives 62
Razors 67
Axes 73
Awls
Needles 77
and
handles
Plates 79
on stands with
vii
- -
handles 81
thout
Plates
wi
on stands
83
Bowls
on stands
86
Hour-glass vessels
shaped
87
Jugs
jugs 90
Painted
jugs 92
Trefoil-lipped
Jugs tubular 95
with spouts
Oblique-mouthed jug 97
Strainer-spouted jugs 98
Askos-shaped 102
vessels
Hemispherical lids 107
Collar-necked jars 108
storage
Jars handles III
with vertical
Amphora-shaped 112
vessels
Concave-sided 115
cups
Cup handle 117
with raised
Cylindrical beakers/pyxides 119
Ovoidal beakers 121
Saucers bowls 122
and
Flint, teeth 124
shells,
Chapter 3: Sites
and cemeteries
Settlement 126
and economy
Tomb types 138
Rock-cut tombs 141
Funerary 152
rites
Grave furniture 157
Chapter 4: Conclusions
The Middle Bronze Age Inheritance the Pantalica
of
Culture 169
Foreign Influences the Pantalica Culture 172
on
Cultural Continuity in the Protohistoric Period 177
BIBLIOGRAPHY 182
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ADDENDUM 208
PLATES
viii
-
-
List Figures
of
1900 1979 20
Chronology,
Sicilian
East
Fig. 1 South
-
:
(altitude)
128
Age
Bronze
Fig. 2 Middle sites
:
(geology)
129
Age
Fig. 3 Middle Bronze sites
:
(altitude)
131
Age
Fig. 4 Late Bronze
sites
:
(geology)
132
Age
Fig. 5 Late Bronze sites
:
(altitude)
136
Fig. 6 Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age sites
:
-
(geology)
137
Fig. 7 Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age sites
:
-
Fig. 8 Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age Tomb Types 140
:
-
(proportions)
143
Fig-9 Rock-cut tomb types
:
(chronology)
145
Fig-10: Rock-cut tomb types
(dimensions)
149
Fig. 11: Rock-cut tomb types
155
Fig. 12: Skeletons tomb
per
158
Fig. 13: Phase I, Caltagirone tombs
scalogram
Fig-14: Phase I-II, Pantalica North, North-West
and
159
South tombs
scalogram
160
Fig-15: Phase I-II, Dessueri tombs
scalogram
Fig. 16: Phase III, Pantalica South tombs 161
scalogram
Fig. 17: Phase II-III, Cassibile tombs 162
scalogram
Fig. 18: Phase II, Mulino della Badia tombs 163
scalogram
Fig. 19: Foreign Influences the Pantalica Culture 173
on
Fig. 20: Continuity in the Protohistoric Cassibile 178
period,
Fig. 21: Continuity in the Protohistoric Dessueri 179
period,
Key to in
sites numbered maps
Fig. 3 Capo Graziano, 2- Portella di Salina, 3- Serro dei
:1-
Cianfi, Salina, 4- Lipari 5- Punta Milazzese, Panarea,
acropolis,
6- Milazzo, 7- Tindari, 8- Fiun dinisi, 9- Naxos, 10 Grotta
-
di S. Teodoro, 11 Grotta della Molara, 12 Grotta del Ferraro,
- -
13 Barriera, 14 Paterno, 15 Grotta dei Puntali, 16 Grotta
- - - -
Mangiapane, 17 Montagna Grande, Salem, 18 Montagna di Mokarta,
- -
19 Monte Castellazzo, 20 Ulina, 21 Agri 22 Favara,
gento
- - - -
,
23 Caldare, 24 Mileria, 25 Paraspola, 26 Calaforno, 27 Grotta
- - - - -
Calafarina, 28 Ognina, 29 Plermlyrion, 30 Matrensa, 31 Thapsos,
- - - -
32 Molinello, 33 Cozzo del Pantano, 34 Flori di 35 Lentini,
a,
- - -
-
36 Contrada Faraglioni, Ustica.
-
ix
- -
2- Milazzo, 3- Tindari, 4- Naxos,
Fig. 5 Lipari
acropolis,
:1-
7- Rivetazzo, 8- Palazzolo, 9-
5- Lentini, 6- Pantalica,
Caltagirone, 10 Dessueri, 11 Sabucina, 12 Campobello di Licata,
- - -
14 Sant'Angelo Muxaro, 15 Favara, 16 Canicatti,
13 Valledolmo
- - -
-
,
17 Palma di Montechiaro, 18 Timpone Pontillo, 19 Montagna di
- -
-
Mokarta, 20 San Ciro.
-
Fig. 7 Lipari 2- Fiumedinisi, 3- Tindari, 4- Punta
:1- acropolis,
Castelluzzo, 5- Thapsos, 6- Syracuse, 7- Cozzo del Pantano, 8-
Cassibile, 9- Lentini, 10 Pantalica, 11 Palazzolo, 12 Calaforno,
- - -
13 Mulino della Badia, 14 Dessueri, 15 Butera, 16 Capodarso,
- - - -
17 Calcarella, 18 Realmese 19 Sant 'Angelo Muxaro 20 Longane,
- - - -
, ,
21 Pozzo di Gotto, 22 Cocolonazzo di Mola, 23 Paterno, 24
- - - -
Centuripe, 25 Noto Vecchio, 26 Finocchito, 27 Tremenzano, 28
- - - -
29 Santa Margherita Belice.
Polizzello,
-
-X-
List Plates
of
to the illustrations
The following referring source of
abbreviations
are used:
by Dr. F. Lo Schiavo by the
F. L. S. Drawings copied author.
-
F. S. Drawings by Dr. F. Spatafora copied by the author.
-
(1981B).
B. S. Drawings e'tý; Bietti Sestieri
r
-
(1959).
M-K. Drawings Iller-Karpe
after
-
(1956B).
R. Peroni
R. P. Drawings
after
-
R. L. Drawings by the
author.
-
Photographs by the
author.
(B. ), (B. ),
P1. I P. N. 37 S. b) P. S. 64 S. Milazzo, Griffo
c)
: a)
(Orsi,
(Brea-Cavalier,
1959), d) De. P. 59 1912),
tomb
(F. ), (Orsi,
P. NW. 1 L. S. f) P. S. 56 1912), P. N. 49
g)
e)
(F ).
L. S.
.
(F. ), (F. ),
P1. II Clt. R. 19 L. S. b) P. S. 51 L. S. P. S. 56
c)
: a)
(F ), (F. ).
L. S. d) P. N. 3 L. S.
.
(R. ), (M-K. ), (F. ),
P1. III P. N. 62 P. b) De. C. 69 P. S. 142 L. S.
: a) c)
(R. ), (F. ), (F. ).
d) P. N. 41 P. Fil. I L. S. f) Cas. 61 L. S.
e)
(Orsi, (F. ), (F. ),
P1. IV P. N. 28 1899), b) P. N. 18 L. S. P. N. 1 L. S.
a) c)
(F. ), (Orsi,
d) P. S. 161 L. S. P. S. 241 1912), f) P. S. 96
e)
(Orsi,
1912).
(M ), (R. ), (F. ),
Pl. V P. N. 20-23 K. b) P. S. 66 P. De. P. 44 L. S.
: a) c)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ).
d) De. C. 72 L. S. P. S. 161 L. S. f) De. C. 73 L. S.
e)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ),
Pl. VI De. P. 44 L. S. b) P. S. i6i L. S. De. F. 53 L. S.
: a) c)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ),
d) De. C. 48 L. S. De. P. 47 L. S. f) De. C. 34 L. S.
e)
(F. ).
De. P. 44 L. S.
g)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ),
P1. VII De. C. 73 L. S. b) De. C. 72 L. S. Cas. 3 L. S.
a) c)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ),
d) De. C. 58 L. S. De. F. 51 L. S. f) De. C. 69 L. S.
e)
(F. ).
Cas. 18 L. S.
g)
P1. VIII Cas. 8 (F. L. S. ), b) Cas. 8 (F. L. S. ), Cas. 3 (F. L. S. ), d)
a) c)
(F. ), (F. ), (F. ),
De C. 72 L. S. Cas. 17 L. S. f) De. C. 12 L. S.
e)
.
(F. ).
De. 0.12 L. S.
g)
(M-K. ), (Orsi,
Pl. IX Mulino delta Badia b) Cas. 49 1899), De. P. 47
: a) c)
(Orsi, (Brea-Militello-La
1912), d) Madonna del Piano
Piana,
(F. ).
1969), f) Cas. 29 L. S.