From GSM to LTE-Advanced: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband

458 Pages·2014·4.17 MB·English

by  Martin Sauter

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FROM GSM TO
LTE-ADVANCED
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FROM GSM TO
LTE-ADVANCED
AN INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
NETWORKS AND MOBILE
BROADBAND
𝐧𝐝
Revised2 Edition
MartinSauter
WirelessMoves,Germany
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2014
©2014JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Sauter,Martin.
[FromGSMtoLTE]
FromGSMtoLTE-advanced:anintroductiontomobilenetworksandmobilebroadband/MartinSauter.–
Revised2ndedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-86195-0(cloth)
1. Mobilecommunicationsystems.2. Wirelessmetropolitanareanetworks.3. WirelessLANs. I.Title.
TK5103.2.S282014
621.3845′6–dc23
2014016545
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:9781118861950
Setin10/12pt,TimeLTStdbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
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Contents
Preface xiii
1 GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications(GSM) 1
1.1 Circuit-SwitchedDataTransmission 1
1.1.1 ClassicCircuitSwitching 2
1.1.2 VirtualCircuitSwitchingoverIP 3
1.2 Standards 4
1.3 TransmissionSpeeds 5
1.4 TheSignalingSystemNumber7 6
1.4.1 TheClassicSS-7ProtocolStack 7
1.4.2 SS-7ProtocolsforGSM 9
1.4.3 IP-BasedSS-7ProtocolStack 10
1.5 TheGSMSubsystems 11
1.6 TheNetworkSubsystem 12
1.6.1 TheMobileSwitchingCenter(MSC),ServerandGateway 12
1.6.2 TheVisitorLocationRegister(VLR) 16
1.6.3 TheHomeLocationRegister(HLR) 17
1.6.4 TheAuthenticationCenter 20
1.6.5 TheShortMessagingServiceCenter(SMSC) 23
1.7 TheBaseStationSubsystem(BSS)andVoiceProcessing 25
1.7.1 FrequencyBands 25
1.7.2 TheBaseTransceiverStation(BTS) 27
1.7.3 TheGSMAirInterface 28
1.7.4 TheBaseStationController(BSC) 36
1.7.5 TheTRAUforVoiceEncoding 40
1.7.6 ChannelCoderandInterleaverintheBTS 44
1.7.7 CipheringintheBTSandSecurityAspects 46
1.7.8 Modulation 50
1.7.9 VoiceActivityDetection 50
1.8 MobilityManagementandCallControl 52
1.8.1 CellReselectionandLocationAreaUpdate 52
1.8.2 TheMobile-TerminatedCall 53
1.8.3 HandoverScenarios 56
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vi Contents
1.9 TheMobileDevice 58
1.9.1 ArchitectureofaVoice-CentricMobileDevice 59
1.9.2 ArchitectureofaSmartphone 60
1.10 TheSIMCard 62
1.11 TheIntelligentNetworkSubsystemandCAMEL 67
Questions 70
References 70
2 GeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)andEDGE 73
2.1 Circuit-SwitchedDataTransmissionoverGSM 73
2.2 Packet-SwitchedDataTransmissionoverGPRS 74
2.3 TheGPRSAirInterface 77
2.3.1 GPRSvs.GSMTimeslotUsageontheAirInterface 77
2.3.2 MixedGSM/GPRSTimeslotUsageinaBaseStation 79
2.3.3 CodingSchemes 79
2.3.4 EnhancedDataratesforGSMEvolution(EDGE) 81
2.3.5 MobileDeviceClasses 84
2.3.6 NetworkModeofOperation 85
2.3.7 GPRSLogicalChannelsontheAirInterface 86
2.4 TheGPRSStateModel 88
2.5 GPRSNetworkElements 91
2.5.1 ThePacketControlUnit(PCU) 91
2.5.2 TheServingGPRSSupportNode(SGSN) 93
2.5.3 TheGatewayGPRSSupportNode(GGSN) 95
2.6 GPRSRadioResourceManagement 96
2.7 GPRSInterfaces 100
2.8 GPRSMobilityManagementandSessionManagement(GMM/SM) 105
2.8.1 MobilityManagementTasks 105
2.8.2 GPRSSessionManagement 108
2.9 SessionManagementfromaUser’sPointofView 110
2.10 SmallScreenWebBrowsingoverGPRSandEDGE 114
2.10.1 WAP1.1UsedinEarlyGPRSDevices 114
2.10.2 WAP2.0 117
2.10.3 SmallScreenWebBrowsingwithNetworkSideCompression 118
2.10.4 SmallScreenWebBrowsing–QualityofExperience 119
2.11 TheMultimediaMessagingService(MMS)overGPRS 120
2.12 WebBrowsingviaGPRS 125
2.12.1 ImpactofDelayontheWeb-BrowsingExperience 125
2.12.2 WebBrowserOptimizationforMobileWebBrowsing 127
Questions 128
References 128
3 UniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS)
andHigh-SpeedPacketAccess(HSPA) 129
3.1 Overview,HistoryandFuture 130
3.1.1 3GPPRelease99:TheFirstUMTSAccessNetworkImplementation 131
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Contents vii
3.1.2 3GPPRelease4:EnhancementsfortheCircuit-SwitchedCore
Network 133
3.1.3 3GPPRelease5:IMSandHigh-SpeedDownlinkPacketAccess 134
3.1.4 3GPPRelease6:High-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA) 137
3.1.5 3GPPRelease7:EvenFasterHSPAandContinuedPacket
Connectivity 137
3.1.6 3GPPRelease8:LTE,FurtherHSPAEnhancements
andFemtocells 138
3.1.7 3GPPRelease9:DigitalDividendandDualCellImprovements 139
3.1.8 3GPPReleases10and11:LTE-Advanced 139
3.2 ImportantNewConceptsofUMTS 140
3.2.1 TheRadioAccessBearer(RAB) 141
3.2.2 TheAccessStratumandNonaccessStratum 141
3.2.3 CommonTransportProtocolsforCSandPS 142
3.3 CodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA) 143
3.3.1 SpreadingFactor,ChipRateandProcessGain 146
3.3.2 TheOVSFCodeTree 147
3.3.3 ScramblinginUplinkandDownlinkDirection 149
3.3.4 UMTSFrequencyandCellPlanning 151
3.3.5 TheNear–FarEffectandCellBreathing 151
3.3.6 AdvantagesoftheUMTSRadioNetworkComparedtoGSM 153
3.4 UMTSChannelStructureontheAirInterface 154
3.4.1 UserPlaneandControlPlane 154
3.4.2 CommonandDedicatedChannels 155
3.4.3 Logical,TransportandPhysicalChannels 155
3.4.4 Example:NetworkSearch 159
3.4.5 Example:InitialNetworkAccessProcedure 162
3.4.6 TheUuProtocolStack 164
3.5 TheUMTSTerrestrialRadioAccessNetwork(UTRAN) 168
3.5.1 Node-B,IubInterface,NBAPandFP 168
3.5.2 TheRNC,Iu,IubandIurInterfaces,RANAPandRNSAP 170
3.5.3 AdaptiveMultirate(AMR)NBandWBCodecsforVoiceCalls 174
3.5.4 RadioResourceControl(RRC)States 176
3.6 CoreNetworkMobilityManagement 181
3.7 RadioNetworkMobilityManagement 182
3.7.1 MobilityManagementintheCell-DCHState 182
3.7.2 MobilityManagementinIdleState 191
3.7.3 MobilityManagementinOtherStates 193
3.8 UMTSCSandPSCallEstablishment 194
3.9 UMTSSecurity 198
3.10 High-SpeedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA)andHSPA+ 199
3.10.1 HSDPAChannels 200
3.10.2 ShorterDelayTimesandHybridARQ(HARQ) 202
3.10.3 Node-BScheduling 204
3.10.4 AdaptiveModulationandCoding,TransmissionRatesand
MulticarrierOperation 204
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3.10.5 EstablishmentandReleaseofanHSDPAConnection 207
3.10.6 HSDPAMobilityManagement 208
3.11 High-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA) 209
3.11.1 E-DCHChannelStructure 210
3.11.2 TheE-DCHProtocolStackandFunctionality 213
3.11.3 E-DCHScheduling 215
3.11.4 E-DCHMobility 217
3.11.5 E-DCH-CapableDevices 218
3.12 RadioandCoreNetworkEnhancements:CPCandOneTunnel 219
3.12.1 ANewUplinkControlChannelSlotFormat 219
3.12.2 CQIReportingReductionandDTXandDRX 220
3.12.3 HS-SCCHDiscontinuousReception 221
3.12.4 HS-SCCH-lessOperation 221
3.12.5 EnhancedCell-FACHandCell-/URA-PCHStates 222
3.12.6 RadioNetworkEnhancement:OneTunnel 223
3.13 HSPAPerformanceinPractice 225
3.13.1 ThroughputinPractice 225
3.13.2 RadioResourceStateManagement 226
3.13.3 PowerConsumption 226
3.13.4 Web-BrowsingExperience 228
3.14 UMTSandCDMA2000 229
Questions 232
References 232
4 LongTermEvolution(LTE)andLTE-Advanced 235
4.1 IntroductionandOverview 235
4.2 NetworkArchitectureandInterfaces 237
4.2.1 LTEMobileDevicesandtheLTEUuInterface 238
4.2.2 TheeNode-BandtheS1andX2Interfaces 240
4.2.3 TheMobilityManagementEntity(MME) 244
4.2.4 TheServingGateway(S-GW) 245
4.2.5 ThePDN-Gateway 245
4.2.6 TheHomeSubscriberServer(HSS) 247
4.2.7 Billing,PrepaidandQualityofService 248
4.3 FDDAirInterfaceandRadioNetwork 249
4.3.1 OFDMAforDownlinkTransmission 250
4.3.2 SC-FDMAforUplinkTransmission 252
4.3.3 Symbols,Slots,RadioBlocksandFrames 253
4.3.4 ReferenceandSynchronizationSignals 254
4.3.5 TheLTEChannelModelinDownlinkDirection 255
4.3.6 DownlinkManagementChannels 256
4.3.7 SystemInformationMessages 257
4.3.8 TheLTEChannelModelinUplinkDirection 257
4.3.9 MIMOTransmission 260
4.3.10 HARQandOtherRetransmissionMechanisms 263