From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 2

360 Pages·2008·5.952 MB·English

by  Feroz Ahmad

FEROZ AHMAD
Feroz Ahmad is Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts,
Boston. At present he is affiliated to Yeditepe University in Istanbul. His works on the
later Ottoman Empire and Modem Turkey include The Young Turks, The Turkish
Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975, The Making of Modem Turkey, and Turkey:
The Quest for Identity.
É
ISTANBUL BİLGİ UNIVERSITY PRESS
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
Essays 0« tmk Lau Ottoman Emnm and Modern Turkey
by Feroz Ahmad
Volume Two
Istanbul BİL6İ University Press 219
History 26
ISBN 978-605-399-055-0
SET ISBN 978-605-399-057-4
COVER PICTURE ETHEM TEM - Mustafa Kemal AtatOrk with women from
Ankara during the opening of the Gazi Orman ÇIftlIÖI on 7 June 1925,
FOLLOWING THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE HAT REFORMS.
First Edition, Istanbul, September 2008
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Istanbul Bilgi üniversitesi Kütüphanesi Kataloglama Bölümü tarafından kataloglanmıştır.
Ahmad, Feroz.
From Empire to Republic 2 / Feroz Ahmad,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-605-399-055-0 (set)
ISBN 978-605-399-057-4 (v. 2: alk. paper)
1. Turkey—Politics and government—1908-1923.
2. Turkey-History—Revolution, 1908-1923. I. Title.
DR486.A36 2008
Feroz Ahmad
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire
and Modern Turkey
Volume Two

Contents
vH Preface
b Credits
1 The State and Intervention in Turkey
19 Ottoman Perceptions of the
Capitulations 1800-1914
45 The Late Ottoman Empire
85 Trotsky’s Writings on the Ottoman State,
the 1908 Revolution and the Balkan Wars 1912-13:
A Review Article
101 Postage Stamps, Politics and
Ideology in the Late Ottoman Empire
ill Ottoman Armed Neutrality and
Intervention August - November 1914
115 The Abrogation of the Capitulations
127 Establishment of a Sovereign State
130 The Road to War
149 The Special Relationship: The Committee of Union and
Progress and the Ottoman Jewish Political Elite,
1908-1918
175 Young Turk-Armenian Relations During the
Second Constitutional Period, 1908-1914
203 The Development of Working-Class
Consciousness in Turkey
Vİ contents
239 ^ Progressive Republican Party, 1924-1925
239 Introduction
241 Towards the Establishment of the PRP
250 PRP in Opposition
259 Conclusion
261 The Historical Background of Turkey’s Foreign Policy
293 Kemalist Policy in the Age of Appeasement
303 Politics and Islam in Modem Turkey
333 Index
Preface
Publishing an anthology of an author’s already-published essays
and articles in a volume may perhaps be justified by bringing
together writings scattered in a number an journals and books, not
always easy to come by, in one place.
The thirteen pieces in this volume were published between 1984
and 2007 in academic journals and books; few appear for die first
time in English, having only been published in Turkish. Again I would
like to thank the editors and publishers of the journals and volumes in
which these articles originally appeared.
Again a word of thanks to Fahri Aral and his team at Bilgi
University Press for the making it a pleasure to work with them, and
to my editor Goksun Yazici for her professionalism in the editing of
the text. Finally, I must also thank Sakir Dincsahin, my colleague at
Yeditepe University, who helped me prepare these pieces before they
were sent to the publisher.
Feroz Ahmad
Istanbul, August 2008

Credits
1. “The State and Intervention in Turkey” was published in
Turcica revue d’études Turques, vol. xvi, 1984, 51-64. Translated as
“Türkiye’de Devlet ve Müdahale” in Türkiye Sorunlari -1988 Yilligi,
Alan, İstanbul, Feb. 1988,136-146.
2. “Ottoman Perceptions of the Capitulations 1800-1914” in
the Journal of Islamic Studies, 11/i, January 2000,1-20.
3. “The Late Ottoman Empire” in The Great Powers and the
End of the Ottoman Empire, London 1984,5-30, London 1984,5-30,
Marian Kent (ed.).
4. “Leon Trotsky’s Writings on the Ottoman State, the 1908
Revolution, and the Balkan Wars 1912-1913” was written as a review
essay and was in Turkish in Tarih ve Toplum, no. 17, May 1985,12-
18. It appears for the first time in English in this book.
5. “Postage Stamps, Politics and Ideology in the Late Ottoman
Empire” was written for a volume to honour Professor Tarik Zafer
Tunaya. It was published in Turkish in Tarik Zafer Tunaya’ya
Armağan, Istanbul, 1992, 335-342 and appears here for the first time
in English.
X credits for volume two
6. “Ottoman Armed Neutrality and Intervention: August-
November 1914” in Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History, no. iv,
Sinan Kuneralp (ed.) Istanbul : the Isis Press (n.d. 1990?), 41-61. This
paper was pat of ongoing research that I am still engaged in on the
Ottomans and World War One.
7. “The Special Relationship: the Committee of Union and
Progress and the Ottoman-Jewish Political Elite 1908-1918” was read
at the Quincentennial International Conference on “the Jews in the
Ottoman Empire and Modem Turkey”, Istanbul, 31 May-4 June 1992.
It was published in 2002 in the volume Jews, Turks, Ottomans,
Avigdor Levy (ed.), Syracuse University Press: Syracuse, New York,
2002, pp. 212-230 & notes, 332-5.
8. “Young Turk-Armenian Relations during the Second
Constitutional Period, 1908-1914”, was prepared for the First
International Social Studies Symposium on “The Art of Living
Together in Ottoman Society: The Case of Turkish-Armenian
Relations”, Erciyes University, April 20-22,2006. It was published in
volume two as part of the four volumes entitled İkinci Meşrutiyet
Döneminde Jön Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri in Hoşgörü Toplumunda
Erntender, M. Metin Hülagü et als (eds.), Erciyes University, Kayseri,
2007, vol.ii, 161-187. The original, written in English, is published
here for the first time.
9. “The Development of Class Consciousness in Turkey” was
first read as a paper at the International Institute for Social History,
Amsterdam, 29-30 March 1992. It was published in the volume
Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles,
Histories, Historiographies, Zachary Lockman (ed.), SUNY: Albany,
1994, pp. 133-163. This is a revised and enlarged version of the orig­
inal paper.
10. The paper on “The Progressive Republican Party of 1924-
1925” was read at “the International Conference on Continuity and
Change in Turkish Political Life”, held at Bilkent University, Ankara,
10-12 November 1988. It was published in Political Parties and