From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 1

304 Pages·2008·5.558 MB·English

by  Feroz Ahmad

FEROZ AHMAD
Feroz Ahmad is Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts,
Boston. At present he is affiliated to Yeditepe University in Istanbul. His works on the
later Ottoman Empire and Modem Turkey include The Young Turks, The Turkish
Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975, The Making of Modem Turkey, and Turkey:
The Quest for Identity.
É
ISTANBUL BİLGİ UNIVERSTTY PRESS
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modenn Turkey
by Feroz Ahmad
Volume One
Istanbul BIlgI University Press 218
History 25
ISBN 978-605-399-056-7
SET ISBN 978-605-399-055-0
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Istanbul Bilgi University Library Cataloging-in-Publicatlon Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Istanbul Bilgi University Library
Ahmad, Feroz.
From Empire to Republic ı / Feroz Ahmad.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-605-399-055-0 (pbk.)
ISBN 978-605-399-056-7 (v. 1: alk. paper)
1. Turkey—Politics and government—1908-1923.
2. Turkey—History—Revolution, 1908-1923.1. Title.
DR486.A36 2008
Feroz Ahmad
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire
and Modern Turkey
Volume One

Contents
«N Preface
ix Credits
1 The Young Turk Revolution
23 Vanguard of a Nascent Bourgeosie: The Social and
Economic Policy of the Young Turks 1908-1918
63 The Agrarian Policy of the Young Turks 1908-1918
«9 Unionist Relations With the Greek, Armenian, and
Jewish Communities of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1914
97 The Unionists and the Ottoman Greek Community
120 The Unionists and the Armenian Community
133 The Unionists and the Jewish Community
141 Great Britain’s Relations with
the Young Turks, 1908-1914
173 The Search for Ideology in Kemalist Turkey, 1919-1939
195 The Political Economy of Kemalism
219 The Times (London) and the
Kemalist Revolution, 1930-1939
233 War and Society Under the Young Turks, 1908-1918
259 The Kemalist Movement and India
277 Index

Kaynak Yayinlari published eight of the ten essays in Turkish trans­
lation under the title Ittihatciliktan Kemalizme - From Unionism
to Kemalism - in 1984. This book has gone through a number of print­
ings ever since and continues to be read. This has been gratifying for
the author for essays are often buried in journals, forgotten, and occa­
sionally resurrected by students interested in a particular subject.
I was pleased to learn that Fahri Aral of Bilgi University Press
wanted to publish my article in two volume is an English-Language edi­
tion. To the eight articles I have added two more: ‘War and Society
Under the Young Turks, 1908-1918', and ‘The Kemalist Movement in
India’ - to make up volume one. I have left all the essays as they were
when they were originally published so as to reflect my thinking about
the topics at the time of writing. On rereading these essays after many
years, I found that my ideas about the period had not changed radically.
I would like to add a word of thanks to Fahri Aral for encour­
aging me to publish these essays, and to my editor Goksun Yazici for
her patience, courtesy, and careful editing of the text which, I am sure,
has saved me from numerous errors.
Feroz Ahmad
Istanbul, 2008

Credits
1. “The Young Turk Revolution,” appeared in the Journal of
Contemporary History, iii/3 (July 1970), 19-36.
2. “Vanguard of a Nascent Bourgeoisie: The Social and
Economic Policies of the Young Turks 1908-1918,” was first read at
the First International Conference on the Social and Economic History
of Turkey a conference in Ankara during the summer of 1977. It was
published in Social and Economic History of Turkey (1071-1920),
Osman Okyar and Halil Inalcik (eds.), Ankara 1980, pp. 329-350.
3. “The Agrarian Policy of the Young Turks 1908-1918” was
read as a paper at The Second International Congress on the Social
and Economic History of Turkey, University of Strasbourg in July
1980. It was later published in Economie et Sociétés dans L’Empire
Ottoman, Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont and Paul Dumont (eds.)
Paris 1983,275-88.
4. “The Search for Ideology in Kemalist Turkey, 1919-1939”
was read at the Colloquium on the Middle East in the Inter-War
Period: The Interaction of Political, Economic and Cultural
Developments, organized by the Institut fur Europäische Geschichte at
X credits for volume one
Bad Homburg, Germany, August-September, 1984. It was then pub­
lished in German, “Die Suche nach einer Ideologie in der
Kemalistischen Türkei 1919-1939” in Der Nahe Osten in der
Zwischenkriegszeit 1919-1939, Linda Schatkowski Schilcheer & Claus
Scharf (eds.), Franz Steiner Verlag: Stuttgart, 1989,341-354. It is being
published for the first time in English.
5. “Unionist Relations with the Greek, Armenian and Jewish
Communities of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1914” was read at the
Conference on “Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire” at
Princeton University, in 1978. It was published in volume i, Christians
and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Benjamin Braude and Bernard
Lewis (eds.), New York, 1982,401-34.
6. “Great Britain’s Relations with the Young Turks, 1908-1914”
appeared in volume ii, part 4, pp. 302-29 of Middle Eastern Studies, in
July 1966. This was my first article published in a scholarly journal.
7. “The Political Economy of Kemalism,” was read as a paper
at the UNESCO conference in Paris in December 1981 to celebrate the
centenary of Ataturk’s birth. It was published in an anthology entitled
Atatürk Founder of a Modem State, London 1981, 145-63, Ali
Kazancigil, and Ergun Ozbudun (eds.) A French translation, “Atatürk
fondateur de la Turqie modeme”, was published in Paris in 1984.
8. Paper on “The Times (London) and the Kemalist Revolution
1930-1939” was read at The International Conference on “The Press
and Modem Turkey” organized by the French Institute (Istanbul) and
the Institute of Journalism, Istanbul University, May 16-18, 1984. It
was published in the book Türkiye’de Yabanci Dilde Basin, Istanbul
1985,155-71.
9. The paper on “War and Society under the Young Turks,
1908-1914” first read in the Seminar on War and Society, Brooklyn
College, City University of New York in April 1983. It was revised and
presented at the Conference on “The Ottoman Empire and World
Capitalism” at the Braudel Center at State University of New York,
Binghamton, in November 1984. It was published in Review (Fernand