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From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 PDF

1054 Pages·2008·3.28 MB·English
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From Colony to Superpower The Oxford History of the United States David M. Kennedy,General Editor robert middlekauff THE GLORIOUS CAUSE The American Revolution, 1763–1789 daniel walker howe WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 james m. mcpherson BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM The Civil War Era david m. kennedy FREEDOM FROM FEAR The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 james t. patterson GRAND EXPECTATIONS The United States, 1945–1974 james t. patterson RESTLESS GIANT The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore george c. herring FROM COLONY TO SUPERPOWER U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 FROM COLONY TO SUPERPOWER U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 GEORGE C. HERRING 1 2008 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2008 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herring, George C., 1936–. From colony to superpower : U.S. foreign relations since 1776 / George C. Herring. p. cm. — (The Oxford history of the United States) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-507822-0 1. United States–Foreign relations. I. Title. E183.7.H44 2008 327.73–dc22 2008007996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Dottie This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments One of the great pleasures of completing a project like this is to be able to thank publicly the many institutions and people who helped along the way. The John Simon Guggenheim Foundation provided the financial support that, combined with a University of Kentucky sabbatical, enabled me to get started. The Rockefeller Foundation funded a month’s stay in the incomparably beautiful and uniquely stimulating environment of Bellagio, Italy, a sojourn that allowed me to shape the final chapter and gain interesting feedback from people in numerous fields of intellectual inquiry. Deans Rick Edwards and Steve Hoch of UK’s College of Arts and Sciences provided encouragement and funds for research, as did chairs Jeremy Popkin and David Hamilton of the History Department, my pro- fessional home for thirty-six years. Bob Flynn, Keely Jones Green, Shelby Lynn Marshall, and Stephanie May assisted with the research. Many colleagues and friends gave generously of their time and expert- ise. John Behlolavek, Jerald Combs, William Freehling, Daniel Walker Howe, Howard Jones, Lawrence Kaplan, Warren Kimball, Thomas Knock, Jeffrey Matthews, Robert McMahon, Melvin Small, Mark Stoler, and Randall Woods read individual chapters covering periods of their spe- cialties and offered invaluable suggestions. Andy Fry shared with me his vast knowledge of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century U.S. foreign policy by reading and commenting on the first half of the manuscript. Steve Wrinn, director of the University Press of Kentucky, cast his sharp editorial eye on numerous chapters. Former Transylvania University En- glish professor Charlie Holmes read the entire manuscript, and the com- ments provided by this non-specialist keenly interested in international viii acknowledgments relations were very useful. Robert Divine, Walter LaFeber, Fredrik Lo- gevall, and Jeremi Suri evaluated the manuscript for Oxford University Press and sent me detailed commentary and invaluable criticism and suggestions. The Boone Seminar furnished weekly diversion in the form of highly competitive tennis and spirited trash talk as well as stimulating conversa- tion about world affairs. After more than ten years on this project, I appre- ciate more than ever the outstanding work being done by my colleagues in the history of U.S. foreign relations. Their productivity made my task daunting. The quality of their work also made it exciting. It was great fun to continue to learn new things after more than forty years in the field. Vicki Vaughn of the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce, where I spent my last semester, arranged for copying, pack- ing up, and mailing out an early draft to various readers. Patiently and with all good humor, Peter Harris bailed his Luddite father-in-law out of computer foul-ups. I have had the good fortune with this project to work with the best edi- tors an author could hope for. I was enormously flattered when the late Sheldon Meyer, the dean of history editors, invited me to write this vol- ume. I would like to think that he would be pleased with the result. The late C. Vann Woodward read one chapter and offered warm encourage- ment. Peter Ginna at Oxford helped plan the book. Series editor David M. Kennedy read chapters promptly and thoroughly. His excitement about the project gave me a huge boost. He offered countless suggestions on style and substance, especially in framing the arguments. Susan Fer- ber has been a wonderful editor, keenly interested in the project, atten- tive, helpful in every possible way, a superb critic. India Cooper is simply the best of copy editors—and a delight to work with. Caitlin Craven se- cured the photographs and permissions. Joellyn Ausanka skillfully man- aged the production process. Finally, above all, and for so many reasons, I thank Dottie Leathers, my co-worker of nearly forty years, my wife of thirteen. This book is dedicated to her with all my love. George C. Herring Lexington, Kentucky Contents List of Maps, xi Editor’s Introduction, xiii Introduction, 1 1. “To Begin the World Over Again”: Foreign Policy and the Birth of the Republic, 1776–1788, 11 2. “None Who Can Make Us Afraid”: The New Republic in a Hostile World, 1789–1801, 56 3. “Purified, as by Fire”: Republicanism Imperiled and Reaffirmed, 1801–1815, 93 4. “Leave the Rest to Us”: The Assertive Republic, 1815–1837, 134 5. A Dose of Arsenic: Slavery, Expansion, and the Road to Disunion, 1837–1861, 176 6. “Last Best Hope”: The Union, the Confederacy, and Civil War Diplomacy, 1861–1877, 224 7. “A Good Enough England”: Foreign Relations in the Gilded Age, 1877–1893, 265 8. The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901, 299 9. “Bursting with Good Intentions”: The United States in World Affairs, 1901–1913, 337

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The Oxford History of the United States is the most respected multi-volume history of our nation in print. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize-winners, a New York Times bestseller, and winners of prestigious Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. From Colony to Superpower is the only thematic volume comm
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