From Adam and Eve to the Present

363 Pages·2012·4.52 MB·English

Cover
Creation of Adam
Fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling
Painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564
Vatican Museums

Published by Redmond Books
[email protected]

Printed by Ave Maria Press, Toronto

ISBN # 978-0-9869602-1-5

Copyright @ 2011 Patrick M. Redmond, PhD
2011

2nd edition 2012

May God make safe to you each step,
May God make open to you each pass,
May God make clear to you each road,
And may He take you in the clasp of His own two hands.
from Carmina Gadelica (Vol. III, p. 203)

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Appreciation

I want to thank IBM and the National Geographic Society
for initiating the Genographic Project, which has helped
many thousands of people trace their origins back to our first
parents. For many like me, it has been an enlightening and
rewarding experience. I would also thank the many
geneticists, such as Patricia Balaresque, Robert Carter,
Lounes Chikhi and Glenn Allen Nolan, who have used DNA
analysis to provide accurate pictures of these origins. Also
appreciated is the work of great libraries and museums,
which have preserved the records of human society from its
very beginnings. Of particular note are CELT, the Corpus of
Electronic Texts, Ireland’s Humanities Computing project,
which provides so many ancient documents, the
Penelope.uchicago website of the University of Chicago with
its many Roman and other manuscripts, The Internet
Archive, which is building a digital library of internet sites
and other cultural artifacts and from which many valuable
manuscripts of early European history can be downloaded,
and the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Also appreciated is the research done by groups committed
to understanding human origins from a faith perspective,
such as the Creation Research Society, the Institute for
Creation Research and the Center for Scientific Creation.
Some individuals, in particular Werner Gitt, Ian Taylor, Bill
Cooper, Walt Brown, John Ashton, John Wynne and
Jonathan Gray, deserve mention for their invaluable studies
on our origins.

Finally, I want to thank Joan, my wife, for her steady
encouragement, her interest in the data uncovered and her
acceptance of my preoccupation with this work.

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Dedication

This work is dedicated to Joan for her constant help and
support.

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Table of Contents

Introduction to the Second Edition 5

Chapter 1 the Case for a Recent History in the Near East 10

Chapter 2 from Adam to the Flood 51

Chapter 3 from the Flood to the Dispersion 86

Chapter 4 Emergence of Scythians and Others in Asia 136

Chapter 5 the Expansion throughout Europe 187

Chapter 6 Settlement of Britain and Ireland 215

Chapter 7 the Roman Empire and the Celtic World 245

Chapter 8 the Celts Become Christians 256

Chapter 9 the Norman Invasions 274

Chapter 10 Ireland to 1920 286

Chapter 11 Emigration around the World 308

Appendix 1 320

Appendix 2 322

Footnotes 323

Bibliography 352

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Introduction to Second Edition
In 2005, IBM and the National Geographic Society initiated
a study, called the Genographic project, to chart new
knowledge about the migratory history of the human species,
by using sophisticated laboratory and computer analysis of
DNA contributed by hundreds of thousands of people from
around the world. (1) One of two tests was offered.
Men could select an analysis of the Y-chromosome, which is
found only in males. The National Geographic website
explains why the Y-chromosome was analyzed. (2) The
human body is made of some 50 to 100 trillion cells. Most
cells have a similar basic structure. An outer layer called the
cell membrane and a nucleus that controls the cell and
houses the genetic material in structures called
chromosomes.
Chromosomes carry hereditary genetic information in long
strings of DNA called genes. Each human cell has 46
chromosomes in 23 pairs - 22 numbered pairs of
chromosomes and a single set of sex chromosomes xx in
women and xy in men.
Why focus on the Y chromosome? The Y-chromosome is
passed on intact through the male line, changed only by
random mutational events. It is thus used to trace genetic
lineages far back in time.
Spencer Wells, the director of the Genographic Project, in
his book Deep Ancestry adds:
“Some regions of shuffled chromosomes maintain themselves for many
generations before they are broken up. These are called haplotype
blocks. People who share markers have a common ancestor. (3)
The second test, which men and women could select, was an
analysis of the mtDNA. Once again, Wells explains:
“The mtDNA is actually a piece of DNA that falls outside of the nucleus
where the genome proper (like the chromosomes, such as the Y) is found.
The mtDNA is found inside a structure known as a mitochondrion, which
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lives out in the cytoplasm (or main body) of the cell. The mitochondrion
has its own membrane and DNA. (4)
Your results will reveal your deep ancestry along a single
line of descent (paternal or maternal) and show the migration
paths ancestors followed over time. Your results also place
you on a particular branch of the human family tree.
I took the Y-chromosome test for men.
The analysis of my DNA showed that I belonged to Y-
chromosome Haplogroup R1b, M343 (subclade R1b1b2,
M269). (5)
This haplogroup, R1b, M343 (subclade R1b1b2, M269), is
very common in parts of Spain and Ireland, where more than
90% of men belong to it. Therefore, whether you are a
Redmond, Hennessey, Walsh, McGuire, Corbett, O’Leary,
Kinsley, Murphy, O’Grady, Currie, Collins or Ross or any
other Irish family, this history applies to you, with rare
exceptions.
Initial Thoughts on Analysis
The results of the DNA analysis were intriguing.
They showed clearly the dispersion of modern humans from
the Near East throughout the entire world. Indeed, the DNA
analysis suggested that humans had their origin in the Near
East, even though the National Geographic Society, which
interpreted the DNA analysis provided by IBM, claimed
human origins were in Eastern Africa.
Also, given the DNA analysis of modern man and
predecessors, as well as of the pattern of dispersion of
modern man, the claims for evolution of man from earlier
species, leading back to a common ancestor with the
monkey, seemed dubious at best.
These initial conclusions on the DNA analysis were
reinforced by comments made by others who have written
about DNA analysis and its impact. For example, I.L.
Cohen, researcher and mathematician, member of the New
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York Academy of Science and officer of the Archaeological
Institute of America, wrote:
“At that moment, when the DNA/RNA system became understood, the
debate between Evolutionists and Creationists should have come to a
screeching halt.” (6)
Francis S. Collins, who led the Human Genome project, said
that creation has become intelligible to us through
science. He said with joyful astonishment: “The language
of God was revealed” (7)
The more one studied the data, the more it suggested a
suddenly emerging and rapidly spreading modern man, not a
man slowly evolving from a distant and little known past.
Moreover, it became ever clearer that this suddenly emerging
man was created and did not evolve.
Prior to joining IBM I had taught history and archaeology at
university. So I understood the arguments for evolution.
Yet now, when analyzing my DNA and confirming my
origins it became obvious that evolution did not provide a
believable explanation of my origins. Attempts at it, in the
data sent to me, were very unconvincing, as we shall show.
Indeed, in the end one must accept that evolution (variations
include naturalism, theistic evolution, Darwinian evolution,
neo-Darwinian evolution, punctuated equilibrium,
biochemical evolution, molecular phylogeny, cladistics,
cataclysmic evolution, directed panspermia or creation by
aliens and DNA mutations) and creation by God (also called
Creationism, a variation is Intelligent Design) are two
distinct philosophical systems of belief. Individuals follow
one or the other.
Can either be proven?
Some say not through science alone. As Jeremy Walter
writes:
“Scientific evidence can be compiled to support one model of earth
history as compared to another, but such work amounts to a feasibility
study, not proof.
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Science is the human enterprise of seeking to describe accurately and
quantitatively the nature and processes of our universe through
observation, hypothesis, and experimental validation…
We have no human record of observed events from great antiquity, but
rather interpretations of recent observations of present realities.” (8)
Karl Popper referred to Darwinism as “a metaphysical
research program” because it is not a testable scientific
theory. (9)
Velikovsky called it a faith. When commenting on the
theory of uniformity promoted by Charles Lyall, and on
which Darwin built his theory of evolution, he writes:
“The scientific principle which insists that whatever does not occur at the
present time has not occurred in the past is a self-imposed limitation.
Rather than a principle in science, it is a statute of faith. And Lyall ended
his famous chapter accordingly, with an appeal to faith and with a
precept for believers;
‘If he (the student) finally believes in the resemblance or identity of the
ancient and present systems of territorial changes, he will regard every
fact collected respecting the causes in diurnal action as affording him a
key to the interpretation of some mystery of the past’.” (10)
Those who follow evolution then, propose and accept an
ever changing series of interpretations, or hypotheses, all of
which to date have been shown to be inadequate or proven
wrong. (11)
On the other hand, those who prefer the philosophical
interpretation which states that man was created by God, do
claim a record of observed events – the Bible. They use this
record to guide them in their study of origins. Indeed, the
Catholic Church accepted this record for nineteen centuries
before entertaining doubts due to the influence of those
promoting theistic evolution and other theories.
We shall look at both philosophical interpretations in
Chapter 1 and show how the evidence is considerably
stronger for creation by God than it is for evolution.
We shall then show how a variety of other sources, including
genealogical studies, historical manuscripts, recent written
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works and, finally, various religious sources, reinforce and
support this interpretation of the DNA analysis much better
than the brief summary provided to me by the National
Geographic Society in interpretation of the DNA information
provided on my deep ancestry.
The information provided by the above-mentioned sources is
combined with that offered by the DNA analysis to trace the
history of our haplogroup in chapters 2 onwards.
It is hoped, the study will provide a good explanation of the
origins of modern man through one of his ancestral lines,
that of our haplogroup.

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Chapter 1

The Case for a Recent History in the Near East

Adam and Eve in the Near East
Adam and Eve were our ancestors.
The following chart, sent to me by the National Geographic
Society, with the details of my Y-chromosome analysis,
shows the path our ancestors took from Adam to today.

The numbers that are shown on the route noted in the chart
are the Y-chromosome markers that trace my DNA back to
Adam. As can be seen, there are seven markers in my DNA
between Adam and me. These seven, from the oldest to the
most recent, are M168, M89, M9, M45, M207, M173 and
M343.
We shall now discuss these markers and the history that is
connected with them.
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