Friendship Patterns of Chinese Students and Their Adjustment

188 Pages·2016·5.09 MB·English

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Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses
1993
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Changhua Wang
Portland State University
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Wang, Changhua, "Friendship Patterns of Chinese Students and Their Adjustment in the United States"
(1993). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1364.
https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1363
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FRIENDSHIP PATTERNS OF CHINESE STUDENTS AND
THEIR ADJUSTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
by
CHANGHUA WANG
A dissertation submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
ln
EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP:
POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION
Portland State University
1993
TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES:
The members of the Committee approve the dissertation
,
。f Changhua Wang presented January 21 1993.
Chair
마 「 - 따
/
‘
/
야
Marjorie''I’erdal
APPROVED:
Graduate Studies and Research
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Changhua Wang for the
Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership: Postsecondary
,
Education presented January 21 1993.
Title: Friendship Patterns of Chinese Students and Their
Adjustment in The United States.
APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE DISSERTATION COMMITTEE:
Marjorie 't’erdal
International students who experience difficulties in a
new culture are often considered to have suffered a
,
breakdown in their normal healthy psychological functioning
,
and therefore need therapy and counselling (Pedersen et aI
1976). This study views failure and problems experienced by
the sojourner as a result of lack of the necessary new
2
,
social skills and knowledge. Social networks particularly
,
friendships are thus extremely important in that such
,
networks are not only source of social support but als。
major channels through which such skills and knowledge are
acquired.
Guided by social support theories and social skills
,
theories this study examines the following research
questions through the survey and the interview with a sample
。f Chinese students at Northwest University I and five other
universities across the United states.
1. How is adjustment of Chinese students related t。
their friendship patterns?
2. What are the friendship patterns of Chinese
students?
3. What are the primary functions of the friendship
patterns of Chinese students?
4. How is the degree of difficulty felt by Chinese
students in different social situations related to their
friendship patterns?
5. How is social adjustment related to the de딩ree of
difficulty felt by Chinese students in different social
situations?
Some additional questions related to the five research
questions were also addressed in this study.
The study showed there were different functions for
different friendship patterns among Chinese students.
3
Despite different functions, friendships are very important
for Chinese in their adjustment to the united states.
,
However students belonging to the bi-cultural friendship
pattern were more satisfied with social as well as academic
aspects of their life in this country than those who belong
to the mono-cultural friendship pattern. Among different
factors contributing to social adjustment, social skills
account most for the variance of social adjustment among
Chinese students.
This study concluded with suggestions for forming
institutional policies toward international students in
American higher education, training of international
,
students both at the home country and the host country and
advice to prospective international students, particularly
Chinese students.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
,
I am very grateful to my advisor Dr. William
,
Greenfield for his guidance and help at the every step of
the design and the writing of the project. without his help
the completion of this dissertation would have been more
difficult.
I feel very fortunate to have a hi딩h-quality
dissertation committee. Their insightful comments and
suggestions have brought me to a new stage in conducting
educational research.
I also likes to thank Dr. Gary Nave for assisting me in
the method part of the dissertation.
, ,
Last but not the least my sincere thanks go to my
,
wife suping for her support and assistance during my
doctoral studies at Portland State University.
Changhua Wang
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
LIST OF TABLES....................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES...................................... viii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
Studies of International Students..... 4
Adjustment Theories: An overview...... 7
Theoretical Background of This Study.. 12
Statement of the Research Problem..... 18
Significance of This Study............ 25
Summary 27
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 28
Sojourn as a Form of Uprooting........ 31
Establishing Social Support........... 34
Importance of Friendship.............. 40
Association Patterns of Different
Ethnic Groups......................... 42
Cultural Learning and Social Skills.. 48
Summary 53
III METHODS 54
Participants 55
Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
v
Instrumentation .....•..•............. 59
Pre-Survey Interviews................. 63
Summary ......•....•.................. 74
IV SURVEY RESULTS.... 75
Description of Participants........... 75
Results for the Five Research Questions 77
Additional Findings................... 85
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
V FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEWS.... 96
Protocol of Follow-up Interviews...... 96
Summary of Major Findings in Follow-up
Interviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
e..........................
summary...• 114
VI DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 116
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 116
Summary and Discussion of Additional
Findings. ..........................•.. 126
Summary and Conclusion................ 131
Recommendations....................... 134
Limitations of This Study and Implications
for Further Research.................. 138
REFERENCES 141
APPENDICES
A Friendship and Adjustment Questionnaire for
Chinese Students in the USA (with data
summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
B Friendship and Adjustment
Questionnaire for Chinese Students in
the USA (in Chinese). 164
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I Interview Information Summary.. 66
II Data Analysis of Five Major Research
Questions 73
III Distribution and Return Rate of the
Questionnaire.............................. 76
IV Description of Participants................ 77
V Friendship Patterns of Chinese Students.... 79
VI Help-Seeking Or companion Preferences in
Instrumental Situations(in percentage) ..... 80
VII Help-Seeking Or Companion Preferences in
Expressive Situations(in percentage........ 81
VIII One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
the Difficulty Felt........................ 82
IX comparison of Mono-Cultural and Bi-cultural
Friendship Patterns in Adjustment.......... 83
X One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
Academic Adjustment........................ 83
XI One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
Social Adjustment..................... ..... 84
XII One-Way ANOVA for Social Adjustment and
the Degree of Difficulty Felt.............. 85
XIII One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
Contact Opportunities...................... 87
XIV One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
Number of Friends.......................... 87
XV One-Way ANOVA for Friendship Patterns and
Number of Non-Resident Chinese Friends..... 88
XVI One-Way ANOVA For Friendship Patterns and
Number of American Friends................. 88