i FRIDAYS OF RAGE ii iii FRIDAYS OF RAGE Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and Political Islam Sam Cherribi 1 iv 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cherribi, Sam, 1959– author. Title: Fridays of rage : Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and political Islam / Sam Cherribi. Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016024417 (print) | LCCN 2016040498 (ebook) | ISBN 9780199337385 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780199337408 (Updf) | ISBN 9780199337415 (Epub) Subjects: LCSH: Al Jazeera (Television network) | Arab Spring, 2010– | Islam and politics. | Television broadcasting of news—Arab countries. | Mass media—Political aspects—Arab countries. | Mass media—Religious aspects—Islam. Classification: LCC PN1992.92.A39 C48 2017 (print) | LCC PN1992.92.A39 (ebook) | DDC 384.5506/55363—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024417 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America v À la mémoire de Pierre Bourdieu et Mohammed Arkoun, qui nous ont appris à nous libérer de toutes formes de domination visible et invisible (dans les médias, en religion et en société). In memory of Pierre Bourdieu and Mohammed Arkoun, who taught us how to liberate ourselves from all forms of visible and invisible domination in society. vi vii CONTENTS List of Figures ix Preface: Arab Revolutions on Demand xi Acknowledgments xix PART I Al Jazeera Unites 1. Al Jazeera by the Numbers 3 2. The Symbolic World of Al Jazeera 43 3. A Tinderbox for the Revolution: Subjectivity and Resistance 75 4. Gaza: A Perennial Arab Spring 104 5. Secret Mission: Shining a Spotlight on Tahrir Square 125 PART II Al Jazeera: Global Fissures and Ruptures to Come 6. Exile on Paradise Square 157 7. Bullets of Truth and Media Martyrdom 191 8. Islam Near and Far 211 9. The Emancipation of Political Islam? 243 Postscript: Out of Order— Arab Media and Democracy in Distress 268 viii viii • Contents Notes 279 References 285 Index 295 ix LIST OF FIGURES 1 Secular versus Religious Friday Protest Slogans, 2011– 2013 26 2 Number of Religious Protests in Egypt and Syria, 2011– 2013 26 3 Google Hits of Al–Jazeera Contributors, January 2011 27 4 Veil (Women) and Headgear (Men) by Anchor on Al Jazeera 28 5 Talk of the Revolution Episodes Focusing on Arab Spring, 2011 and 2012 29 6 Revolution as a Topic per Country on Al–Jazeera, 1997– 2012 29 7 Number of Arab Spring Topics on Four Popular Shows, 2010– 2012 30 8 Number of Episodes Dealing with Political Islam by Show, 2011– 2012 30 9 Number of Episodes Dealing with Political Conflict by Show, 2011– 2012 31 10 Number of Talk of the Revolution Episodes Focusing on Arab Spring, 2011– 2012 31 11 Episodes on Islam in the West versus Islamic Banking, 2006– 2012 32 12 Focus of Sharia and Life Shows on Islamic Banking versus Democracy, 1998– 2010 33 13 Sharia and Life per Topic, 1998– 2012 33 14 Opposite Direction Topics Compared, 1997– 2013 34 15 Opposite Direction Topics Compared, 1998– 2012 34 16 Weight of the Mashreq as a Topic on Al Jazeera Shows, 1999– 2007 35
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