Freud For Scholars. Extracts, Arranged by Topic and Ordered by Date.

14054 Pages·2014·52.2 MB·English

by  Sigmund Freud

Freud For Scholars
Extracts, Arranged by Topic and Ordered by Date

Ivan Smith 2014.
All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Definitions And Fundamental Tenets Of Psycho-Analysis
Definitions of psycho-analysis <106>
The fundamental tenets/shibboleths/corner-stones of psycho-analytic theory <2708>
The existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. <437>
Division of the mind into conscious and unconscious parts. <437>
Importance of the unconscious. <437>
Division of the mind into agencies <710>
Two primary/basic instincts at work in the mind <543>
Importance of early period of life/childhood <1715>
Importance of sexuality, both in health and in illness. <6>
Infantile sexuality. The Oedipus complex. <1287>
A sexual aetiology for the neuroses <609>
Dynamic view of mental processes. [See topic 589]
Repression and resistance <2709>
The Mental Apparatus
In general <4400>
Origins. As originally being in the nature of a reflex apparatus (arc) <4703>
developed in response to the exigencies of life (external dangers, internal needs). <4703>
Structure
The mind as an apparatus, a compound instrument, extended in space, comprised of several portions. <835>
As being extended in space <1711>
The concept of a stratification of the psyche <3794>
The spatial viewpoint. <4840>
When using the spatial metaphor, don't always necessarily <4840>
mean a different locality but, rather, a different mode of functioning. <4840>
The question of localization of function in the brain (brain 'centres') <5166>
Events within the psychical apparatus as flowing in a given direction. <3883>
As starting out from stimuli and moving (at first) toward hallucination and later in the direction of motor activity.
<3883>
Role played by memory in bringing about repetitions of experiences of satisfaction. <3883>
Division of the psychical apparatus into agencies ('systems') [See also under 'The agencies'] <737>
Dynamics
A dynamic view of mental processes <589>
The concept of there being some kind of mobile energy at work in mental life <1201>
The forces at work in the mind - the instincts. [See also under 'The instincts'] <1058>
Importance of the economic viewpoint <590>
Division into conscious and unconscious parts
Introduction
In general <5614>
Existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. Its importance. [See also topic 1049] <1180>
Four possible states for a mental process (conscious, preconscious, unconscious, repressed). <438>
Consciousness
The question of consciousness, in general. <224>
Consciousness as constituting a negligible portion of mental life. <224>
The bulk of our mental activity as being unconscious. <224>
The property of consciousness
How a mental process becomes conscious. <238>
Relationship to perceptual organs. <238>
By coming into association with the word-presentations of things (mnemic residues of speech). <238>
Ideas as representing the instincts <650>
Ideas as becoming conscious through word-presentations/verbal-presentations <4340>
State of consciousness a mobile quantity - may or may not attach to mental processes at any given time. <3980>
Stimuli may arise from two directions - from the external world and from the interior. <4849>
The latter can only be perceived as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. <4849>
Table of Contents
The fact that the system responsible for consciousness has no memory <4852>
The mechanism of attention <4016>
The mechanism behind hallucinations <1093>
The role played by consciousness in mental life in general <4848>
The biological function of consciousness <5550>
The unconscious
Introduction
The existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. <1049>
The concept of unconscious mental processes, unconscious mental activity. <1049>
The bulk of our mind as being unconscious. <237>
The basic unconsciousness of mental life, in general. <237>
Our definition of the unconscious <1060>
The unconscious as being what is truly psychical <1052>
An unconscious portion of the mind as being an unavoidable assumption if we are to <1055>
make any headway in an understanding neurotic symptoms and analogous phenomena <1055>
Refutation of notion that consciousness is all there is. <1183>
Over-estimation of the property of consciousness. <1183>
Overestimation of the role played by consciousness in mental life. <1183>
Consciousness not a necessary accompaniment of mental events. <1183>
Justification for the concept of (the case for) unconscious mental processes. <1183>
How we arrive at a knowledge of unconscious mental processes. <1183>
Knowledge of unconscious mental processes arrived at through inference. <1183>
Types of things (mental processes) that can be unconscious <788>
(emotions, affects, thoughts, impulses, phantasies). <788>
Proofs of the existence of unconscious mental processes <788>
(solutions to problems arrived at without conscious intervention, hypnotic phenomena). <788>
An idea or impulse may be unconscious and yet still be active <3676>
Relevance to the neuroses. Importance of unconscious mental processes in the neuroses. <2521>
How we may become aware of unconscious mental processes <1053>
A problem. Three different types of unconscious. <441>
Sub-division of what is unconscious into preconscious, unconscious and repressed. <441>
General distinctions between them. <441>
Preconscious
In general <225>
Relationship of preconscious state to mnemic residues of speech (word-presentations) <1194>
The unconscious proper
Characteristics of <1063>
Further sub-division into unconscious and repressed <1050>
The (ordinary) unconscious <1070>
The repressed unconscious <1071>
The repressed unconscious only capable of being made conscious in the face of a resistance <1069>
A mental process' being unconscious not necessarily due to repression <4862>
Conditions under which changes in rules governing states may occur
In general <1082>
In sleep <1083>
In parapraxes <1086>
In jokes <1087>
In the neuroses <1088>
In psychosis (exception to requirement that resistances must be overcome) <1084>
Relationships between the various states
In general <4031>
Distinctions between the various states. What distinguishes conscious, preconscious and unconscious mental
processes. <235>
Distinctions between preconscious and unconscious states <1064>
Distinctions not absolute or permanent <1067>
The possibility of there being more than one record of the same material <1068>
Discussion of state prevailing in higher animals <1092>
Table of Contents
The agencies
The id
Introduction
The very existence of such an agency <4716>
Choice of nomenclature for <1009>
As the oldest of the provinces <230>
Initially the only agency <1196>
Processes within the id as being wholly unconscious <231>
As being far larger than the ego <763>
What it is. What's in it, what goes on in it. Nature and characteristics of. <232>
General description of. Characteristics of processes in, in general. <729>
As having no direct contact with the external world <1725>
Content of, in general. <821>
Contains everything that is inherited, present at birth / laid down in the constitution. <822>
As representing the past <289>
As being the representative of the body's needs <730>
As being the point at which the body's needs first make themselves felt <829>
Instincts as finding their first psychical expression here <831>
As being the home of the instincts <828>
As containing the repressed <1316>
Relationship between the repressed and the infantile <5564>
Characteristics of mental processes in the id
In general <1007>
Mental processes within the id as being governed by different rules. <233>
As being governed by the primary process. <233>
Characteristics of the primary process. <233>
Absence of logic in. No conflict in. <734>
No such thing as a 'No' in. No negatives in. <5134>
No sense of reality in. No reality testing performed by. <3843>
Timelessness of processes in <525>
Absence of anxiety in <1724>
As having no concern for self-preservation. <292>
Processes within the id as being governed by considerations of discharge. <292>
Press only for immediate satisfaction of needs. <292>
Processes within the id as being under the sway of / obeying / being governed by the pleasure principle. <422>
Processes within the id as being governed by considerations of pleasure-unpleasure. <422>
The ultimate aim of mental activity being an endeavour to obtain pleasure and avoid unpleasure. <422>
As being unable to do anything but wish <4811>
Dependant relationships
Vis-à-vis the ego <732>
Conclusion
As representing the true essence and purpose of our existence. <863>
The unconscious wishful impulses in the id as representing the true core of our being. <863>
The ultimate aim of life is the satisfaction of the instincts in the id. <863>
The ego
Definition of <905>
Origins
In general <3950>
The ego and the id as originally having been one <2130>
The ego as having developed out of the id, as a sort of cortical layer, <229>
through the modifying influence of the external world. <229>
The ego as being an outgrowth or modified portion of the id <823>
Characteristics and functions of
As being in direct contact with the external world <1734>
As being equipped with the organs for reception of stimuli <825>
As serving as a protective shield against stimuli <826>
Table of Contents
As occupying an intermediate position between the external world and the id <358>
As being the agency we know best <1733>
Content of, in general. <5785>
Characteristics of processes within the ego <5782>
Relationship to consciousness. Large portions of the ego are preconscious or unconscious. <222>
Preconscious state as being found only in the ego <1099>
As controlling the gates to consciousness <688>
As acting as a screen between the id and consciousness <4846>
As controlling access to voluntary movement <687>
As owing its origin and therefore its most important characteristics to external reality <1735>
As owing its primary allegiance to external reality <1776>
As being the home of our logical thought-processes <1098>
Mental processes within the ego as being governed by the secondary process <1208>
As displaying a trend toward unification and synthesis <741>
As representing the present <291>
As representing the external world in the mind <1732>
Relationship to the pleasure principle. As being governed by the reality principle. <257>
Tasks. Responsibilities. Dependant relationships.
Tasks the ego is faced with, in general. <1904>
Vis-à-vis the id
Relationship between the ego and the id, in general. <1752>
Energy within the ego as being in a bound state. As working with much smaller quotas of energy. <4022>
As raising mental processes in the id to a higher level <1737>
As acting as an intermediary between the id and external reality. <751>
As mediator between the id and the external world. <751>
As being the representative of the id in the external world <1909>
As being a facade for the id <735>
As being responsible for securing satisfaction for the instincts in the id <677>
As being the servant of the id <676>
As being the agency responsible for reality-testing <1101>
Conditions under which reality testing is allowed to fall into abeyance (dreams, psychosis, hypnosis). <1749>
Role played by the ego in the function of time <5780>
Dangers faced by the ego
In general <2163>
Dangers faced by the ego on three fronts <1765>
Dangers posed by the external world <1944>
Dangers posed by the id <1751>
Satisfaction of impulses in the id as leading to conflict with the external world <1945>
Demands of the id treated as external dangers <1947>
As adopting a defensive attitude toward the id <1907>
Defensive functions
Defensive functions, in general. <1924>
Repression. Justification for. <1949>
Act of repression as preventing an internal demand from becoming an external danger <1941>
Scene of the fight thus transferred from the outside to the inside <1948>
Ego's main task as being that of controlling the id. <1010>
As exercising control over the satisfaction of instincts. <1010>
Its task vis-à-vis the id as being mainly an inhibitory one. <1010>
Censorship function. Presence of a censorship function in mental life. <780>
Existence of a censorship function between the id and the ego <780>
The possibility of there being more than one layer of censorship <4863>
As the agency responsible for repression <592>
As being responsible for the restriction of satisfactions <3952>
As allowing satisfaction when circumstances are right <1939>
As exercising an influence over events in the id <1736>
The manner in which it does so <1738>
As the agency entrusted with the task of / responsible for self-preservation <692>
How accomplished, in general. <865>
Table of Contents
By interpolating thought processes <1746>
Use of memories <1822>
How accomplished vis-à-vis the external world (reality) <836>
How accomplished vis-à-vis the id (how the ego gains control over the id) <824>
Anxiety. Role in. Function of. Use of. <1747>
As being dependent on the id for love <602>
Vis-à-vis the super-ego
In general <1739>
The (simple) picture painted above as applying only till the age of +- 5 years <1825>
Super-ego. Existence of. <1950>
The super-ego as a third force which ego has to take into account <1951>
Dependant relationships (summary)
Dependant relationships, in general. <805>
What the ego tries to do, in general. <1952>
An ideal action on the part of the ego <849>
The normal state of affairs. The state of affairs when things are going well. <3245>
The state of affairs when things go wrong <465>
The concept of defence, in general. [See also ‘Neurosis In General’ > ‘Defence mechanisms’] <1767>
Defence by ego, in general. [See also topic 1984] <1753>
Internal reality harder to escape from than external reality <1754>
Sources of energy. Relationship to instincts. As operating on borrowed forces. <761>
As being far smaller than we had thought it to be. Ego not master in its own home. <1205>
Horse and rider analogy for <1224>
Clown in circus analogy for <2074>
The super-ego
Introduction
The existence of such an agency <5804>
General discussion of <234>
As being located within the ego <764>
As occupying intermediate position between id and external world <1835>
Origins
Origins of, in general. <845>
Origins in mastery of Oedipus complex. [See also topic 412] <782>
As a precipitate of the Oedipus complex <850>
As heir to the Oedipus complex <1828>
As representing a prolongation of the parental influence of childhood <852>
Functions and characteristics of
In general <781>
As the critical agency <1808>
Censorship functions <1246>
As being responsible for the limitation of satisfactions <866>
As a punishing agency <3931>
As the home of the ego-ideal <1041>
Dependant relationships
Vis-à-vis the ego
In general <853>
As a third force with which the ego has to contend <854>
Relationship when things are going well <1829>
Relationship when things go wrong <1830>
Vis-à-vis the id <855>
Miscellaneous topics
Further characteristics of the super-ego <1832>
Addition of other figures (relatives, teachers) and influences (social milieu) to those of parents. <851>
As being more severe than original parents. Explanation for. <1826>
Criticisms of ego based not only on deeds but on its thoughts and intentions <1827>
Phylogenetic influences. The super-ego as a representing the influence of the past. <290>
Table of Contents
As uniting the influences of the present and the past <1837>
Sources of energy, in general. <1833>
Role of narcissistic (and more especially homosexual) libido in <490>
Role of the destructive instinct in <303>
Role played by in pathology, in general. <857>
Role played by in the unconscious sense of guilt <537>
Role played by in obsessional neurosis. [See also topic 553] <736>
Role played by in melancholia. [See also topic 478] <846>
Role played by in paranoia. [See also topic 3397] <847>
Relationship to 'conscience' as we know it (as being not quite the same) <1042>
The concept of criminals out of an unconscious sense of guilt. Criminality in general. <766>
Miscellaneous topics
Metapsychology - definition and discussion of term. <2199>
The pleasure and reality principles
The pleasure principle
In general <2239>
Alternative designations for the pleasure principle <2196>
The whole question of pleasure and unpleasure (quantitative and qualitative aspects) <3935>
The mental apparatus as, in general, being governed (regulated) by the pleasure principle. <772>
The pleasure principle as applying in both in the ego and the id <4812>
Apparent contradictions to the above assertion <2215>
The reality principle
Replacement of the pleasure principle by the reality principle. Reasons for. <3413>
The reality principle, in general. <2221>
The reality principle as a modified version of the pleasure principle <2221>
Contrast between the pleasure and reality principles <256>
Relationship of the sexual instincts to the pleasure principle (recalcitrant, hard to educate). <2223>
The primary and secondary processes
Two distinct modes of mental functioning <3958>
Different laws as governing mental processes in the id and ego. Distinctions between them. <1314>
Primary process (condensation, displacement, tendency to discharge). <3280>
Secondary process <3281>
The secondary process as being a later development. <4816>
The secondary process as simply overlaying and inhibiting the primary process. <4816>
The primary process as an integral part of normal mental life <5042>
Role played by primary process in psychopathological structures (dreams, parapraxes, neurotic symptoms).
<4878>
The concepts of bound and free energy <4023>
Relationships between the primary process, secondary process, pleasure principle and reality principle. <4024>
Other
Introduction of the economic viewpoint in mental functioning <2201>
The tendency to keep the quantity of excitation in the mind as low as possible, or at least constant. <2209>
Fechner's 'constancy principle', principle of 'the tendency toward stability', the 'Nirvana Principle'. <2209>
Relationships between the three agencies, in general. <423>
Diagrams illustrating the relationships between the three agencies <5842>
The strengths and weaknesses of the ego <3031>
The ability of the ego to influence processes/events in the id <5786>
The ego as representing the present, the id the organic past and the super-ego the cultural past. <1834>
Distinctions between the ego and the id <1144>
How the ego may avoid unpleasure. <2001>
External reality by flight or actively changing it. <2001>
Internal reality by defence (though it cannot ever really escape it). <2001>
Distinctions between the unconscious proper and the repressed <1198>
The ideal situation of the agencies working together in harmony <902>
The state of affairs when things go wrong <1318>
Table of Contents
Relationship between the agencies not always one of antagonism - often work together toward common goals.
<4632>
Use of the term 'unconscious' in its descriptive, dynamic and systematic (topographical) senses. <1192>
Objections to the use of the use of the term 'subconscious'. <1192>
Relationships of the agencies to the various states of consciousness <1156>
Comparison of state of affairs in the individual to whole nations <424>
Similar psychical organization may be assumed to exist in higher animals <860>
The Instincts
Introduction
The energies or forces at work in the mind <1051>
Broad definitions of an instinct <378>
As holding to a dualistic view of the instincts. [See also topic 2257] <871>
Only two basic instincts. Broad definitions of each. Aims of each. <870>
Endogenous/somatic origins of. Origin in cells/organs of body. [See topic 774]
What do the instincts want? <771>
The question of satisfaction - of how satisfaction is achieved. <255>
The need to bring about particular changes in the external world for their satisfaction <3947>
The need for specific objects in the external world for their satisfaction <3942>
The ability of one instinct to fill in for another <4166>
Role played by the instincts in mental life, in general. <5337>
The instincts as the ultimate source of all psychical activity <867>
As corresponding to the forces of attraction and repulsion in the inorganic world <295>
The sexual instinct
In general <48>
The popular view of the sexual instinct
In general <312>
The popular view as being in error. Facts contradicting the popular view. <313>
The perversions <379>
Foreplay. [See also topic 5312] <1632>
The unmistakable presence of the sexual instinct in childhood. [See also topic 1519] <315>
The psycho-analytic view of the sexual instinct
In general <952>
Existence of sexual needs <790>
As extending the scope of the term 'sexual' <2606>
As being present from birth and undergoing development in childhood <3268>
Extension as called for by the perversions <2592>
Loosening of tie with reproduction. <957>
Embraces the obtaining of pleasure from any suitable area of the body. <957>
Distinguishes 'genital' from 'sexual' <319>
The sexual instinct as being made up of a number of component instincts <310>
Erotogenic zones. Each component instinct as having its origin in a specific area of the body. <608>
(Oral erotism, an anal erotism, a urethral erotism). <608>
Each component as having a particular aim <2767>
Each component as requiring a particular object for its satisfaction <2766>
Each component as seeking pleasure for its own account <1522>
As only later, after a period of development in childhood, being united toward a common goal <2625>
(subordination) under the primacy of the genitals. <2625>
Science as having been scarcely unaware of the presence of sexuality in childhood <2595>
The presence of sexuality in childhood. [See also topic 315] <1519>
The libido as undergoing development in early childhood <1403>
Development as occurring in phases <959>
Characteristics of infantile sexuality <2607>
The concept of organizations of the libido (oral, anal-sadistic, phallic, genital). <626>
Development of the ego in childhood <1284>
Benefits of our enlarged view of sexuality <2608>
Table of Contents
Reasons we have gone into infantile sexuality and its development in childhood in such detail. <1517>
Role of infantile sexuality in the neuroses and perversions. <1517>
The sexual instinct as being comprised of both a somatic and a psychical component <3203>
Somatic origins
In general <3205>
The sexual process <3209>
Origins in the organs of the body. [See also topic 774] <307>
Psychical manifestations. The libido.
Origin of the term <2813>
As representing the aims of the sexual instinct <1958>
Correspondence with Eros of the philosophers (Plato) <308>
Aims of, in general. <2814>
Properties and characteristics of the libido
In general <3154>
As being a force <1959>
As being capable of increase, diminution, displacement, satisfaction. <3155>
As being a mobile force, as being fluid. <942>
Primary narcissism. <1188>
The ego as the main reservoir of the libido. <1188>
The concept of auto-erotism <620>
Need for external objects. Early object relationships. <622>
Forms of early sexuality in which an extraneous object is required. The concept of object-choice. <622>
Relationship between object-choice and auto-erotism <2641>
Behaviour of the libido. Vicissitudes the libido may undergo. <1187>
Narcissistic libido (ego-libido), object-libido; distinctions between them. <5315>
Transformation of one into the other. <5315>
Libidinal cathexis <908>
As flowing out to (cathecting) objects. <236>
Hypercathexis, withdrawal of cathexis. <236>
Object love. Object-cathexis. Amoeba analogy. <236>
Attachment to ideas representing its aims. <3207>
Return to the ego. Secondary narcissism. <5323>
Overcoming of object-cathexes through identification with the (lost) object. <940>
Distinction between primary and secondary narcissism. <940>
The concept of there being only a fixed quota of libido available for object-cathexes <2139>
Concept of fixation. Possibility of fixation on particular objects. <306>
Dangers of narcissistic fixation. [See also 'The narcissistic neuroses'] <944>
Behaviour of the libido in the id and super-ego <939>
Knowledge of libido gained from study of the sexual function <309>
(more particularly, from its manifestations as object-libido in the transference neuroses). <309>
Difficult to get to know much about narcissistic libido <5326>
The question of narcissistic satisfaction <938>
Infantile sexuality. Development of the sexual instinct in childhood.
In general <1615>
The primary narcissistic phase
Ego and id as yet poorly differentiated <1644>
Primary narcissism. <1643>
All the libido stored in primitive ego-id. <1643>
The oral phase
In general <2636>
The first erotogenic zone - the mouth. <1606>
Oral erotism <5350>
Sexual manifestations during this phase. Detachment from the need for nourishment. <2648>
Pleasure from the mouth. Thumb-sucking. Auto-erotism. <2648>
Relation to objects. Object-choice. The first object-cathexis - the mother's breast. <1605>
Choice of object attached to a vital need. <1605>
Satisfaction at the breast as prototype for all later forms of sexual satisfaction <5255>
Table of Contents
Psychological development. Ego begins to be differentiated from id. <1597>
The oral organization of the libido <5277>
The anal-sadistic phase
In general <2637>
A new erotogenic zone - the anal orifice. <1607>
Anal erotism <5351>
Return to auto-erotism <5333>
Sexual manifestations during this phase. Holding back stools. <5264>
Manifestations of cruelty/sadism during this phase <5274>
Pity as mental barrier against cruelty <5273>
The anal-sadistic organization of the libido <5278>
Ambivalence as being characteristic of this phase <5279>
Narcissism <5669>
The phallic phase
In general <5280>
A new erotogenic zone - the genitals. <5267>
No distinction made as yet between the sexes <625>
Genital erotism <5352>
Sexual manifestations during this phase. <5268>
Initially associated with micturition. Early infantile masturbation. <5268>
The phallic organization of the libido; subordination to primacy of genitals. <5072>
Infantile sexuality reaches its peak <2054>
Paths of the two sexes begin to diverge <963>
The Oedipus complex
In general <329>
Origin of name <331>
The legend itself <4489>
The concept of aim-inhibited sexual impulses <965>
Choice of object in <5282>
Content of, in general. <1664>
Content, in boys. <332>
The boy's relationship to his mother, in particular. <5130>
The boy's relationship to his father, in particular. <4483>
Content, in girls. <333>
The girl's relationship to her father, in particular. <5131>
The girl's relationship to her mother, in particular. <4484>
As being comprised of both positive and negative aspects <631>
Note on the explicitly sexual nature of the impulses involved <5133>
The Oedipus complex as being a universal complex <4491>
As, under conditions of civilization, being inevitably doomed to come to an end. <1665>
Mastery of the Oedipus complex, in general. <409>
Repression of the Oedipus complex. Reasons for. <1771>
Role played by castration complex in its mastery <995>
Mastery of the Oedipus complex in boys <410>
Mastery of the Oedipus complex in girls. [See also topic 3472] <411>
Role played by its mastery in the formation of the super-ego. [See also topic 782] <412>
The Oedipus complex as a source of the unconscious sense of guilt <5827>
Role of brothers and sisters in (sibling rivalry) <2250>
The concept of death-wishes against loved-ones <2369>
Possible variations in the Oedipus complex <5828>
Role played by the Oedipus complex in neurosis. <632>
The Oedipus complex as the core / kernel / nuclear complex of the neuroses. [See also topic 189] <632>
Importance of the Oedipus complex in other areas (religion, morality). <1702>
The Oedipus complex in creative writing (Hamlet, Macbeth). <4492>
The castration complex
In general <334>
Discovery of the anatomical distinction between the sexes <3891>