Table Of Content

Freshwater PhytoPharmaceutical c o mP o u n d s Freshwater PhytoPharmaceutical c o mP o u n d s santhanam ramesh rajabalaya rajan ramasamy santhanam Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130315 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8456-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xi About the Authors ..................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Freshwater Plants as Sources of Drugs ................................................1 Freshwater Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds ............................1 Types of Bioactive Compounds from Freshwater Plants and Their Activities .....................................................................................2 Chapter 2 Antimicrobial Compounds ...................................................................3 Pithophora oedogonia (Montagne) Wittrock, 1877 .............................3 Spirogyra decimina (O.F. Muller) Demortier, 1822 .............................3 Chlorella vulgaris Beyeninck (Beijerinck), 1890 .................................4 Haematococcus fluvialis (Flowtow, 1844) ...........................................5 Synechococcus leopoliensis (Raciborski) Komrek ..............................8 Spirulina platensis (Gomont) Geitler ...................................................8 Limnothrix redekei (van. Goor) M.E. Meffert (= Oscillatoria redekei) .................................................................................................9 Oscillatoria hamelii Fremy, 1930 ......................................................10 Oscillatoria platensis (Nodst) Bourelly .............................................11 Oscillatoria sancta Kutzing ex Gomont 1892 ...................................11 Planktothrix rubescens (De Candolle ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komarek, 1988 (= Oscillatoria rubescens) ....................................12 Phormidium autumnale (C. Agardh) Gomont, 1892 .........................12 Nostoc minutum Desmazieres, 1831 ..................................................13 Nostoc spongiaeforme C. Agardh, 1824 ............................................15 Hapalosiphon welwitschii West & C.S. West, 1897 ..........................15 Anabaena laxa (Rabenhorst) A. Baun ...............................................16 Anabaena cylindrica Lemmermann, 1896 ........................................16 Tolypothrix distorta Kutzing, 1843 ....................................................17 Hapalosiphon fontinalis (C. Agardh) Bornet, 1889 ...........................17 Fischerella musicola (Thuret) Gomont, 1895 ....................................18 Fischerella ambigua (Kutzing ex Bornet & Flahault) Gomont, 1895 ...19 Chroococcus dispersus (Keissler) Lemmermann, 1904 ....................20 Chroococcus turgidus (Kutzing) Nageli, 1849 ..................................21 Microcystis aeruginosa (Kutzing) Kutzing, 1846 ..............................22 Microcystis flos-aquae (Wittrock) Kirchner, 1900 ............................23 Aphanotheca bullosa (Meneghini) Rabenhorst, 1865 .......................24 Ochromonas danica E.G. Pringsheim, 1955 ......................................24 v vi Contents Poterioochromonas malhamensis (Pringsheim) Peterfi, 1969 ..........25 Marsilea quadrifolia Linnaeus ..........................................................26 Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vaucher) Desvaux, 1818................................26 Tetraspora cylindrica (Wahlenberg) C. Agardh, 1824 ......................28 Chara globularis J.L. Thuiller, 1799 .................................................29 Chara corallina Klein ex Willdenon .................................................30 Chara zeylanica Klein ex Wild ..........................................................31 Nitella hyalina (De Candolle) C. Agardh, 1824 .................................33 Nitella flexilis (Linnaeus) C.A. Agardh, 1824 ....................................35 Euglena viridis (O.F. Muller) Ehrenberg ............................................35 Xyris indica Linnaeus .........................................................................36 Alternanthera sessilis (L) R. Br. ex Dc. .............................................37 Rumex verticillatus Linnaeus .............................................................38 Trapa natans Linnaeus .......................................................................39 Lythrum alatum Pursh ........................................................................40 Ludwigia decurrens Walter and Ludwigia abyssinica (A. Rich) Dandy & Brenan .................................................................................40 Ludwigia alternifolia Linnaeus ..........................................................42 Ludwigia octovalis (Jacq) ...................................................................44 Ludwigia adscendens (Linnaeus) Hara ..............................................46 Sida cordifolia Linnaeus ....................................................................48 Spiraea tomentosa Linnaeus ..............................................................49 Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb.) O. Kuntze .........................................50 Nymphaea lotus Linnaeus ..................................................................51 Nymphaea variegata (Durand) G.S.Mill (= Nuphar variegata) ........52 Nymphaea tuberosa Paine (= Nymphaea odorata) ............................52 Nelumbo lutea Willd ..........................................................................53 Hygrophila spinosa (K. Schum) Heine (= Hygrophila auriculata) ...55 Ceratophyllum demersum Linnaeus ..................................................56 Camptotheca acuminata Decne .........................................................56 Polygonum hydropiper (Linnaeus) (= Persicona hydropiper) ...........57 Rumex japonicus Houttuyu ................................................................58 Amorpha fruticosa Linnaeus .............................................................59 Lemna gibba Linnaeus .......................................................................60 Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, 1881 ............................61 Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus .........................................................63 Najas marina Linnaeus ......................................................................63 Najas graminea Delite .......................................................................64 Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Boerner (= Potamogeton pectinatus) ..........................................................................................65 Potamogeton natans Linnaeus ...........................................................66 Potamogeton nodosus Poir .................................................................66 Vetiveria zizanioides (Linnaeus) Nash ...............................................67 Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E. Br. .......................................................68 Contents vii Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms ...................................................69 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth ..........................70 Commelina benghalensis Linnaeus ...................................................71 Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle .......................................................72 Phalaris arundinacea Linnaeus (1753) ..............................................73 Acorus calamus Linnaeus ..................................................................74 Thalia multiflora Horkel ex Koernicke ..............................................75 Chapter 3 Antiprotozoal Compounds .................................................................77 Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (C. Agardh) Kutzing, 1845 ................77 Lyngbya aestuarii Lieman ex Gomont, 1892 .....................................78 Nostoc muscorum C. Agardh, 1812 ....................................................79 Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ........................................................80 Polygonum senegalense Meis W (= Persicaria senegalensis) ...........80 Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus ....................................................81 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex. Steud .......................................82 Cyperus articulatus Linnaeus ............................................................83 Iris pseudacorus Linnaeus .................................................................84 Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus ...................................................................85 Chapter 4 Antihelmintic Compounds .................................................................87 Introduction ........................................................................................87 Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour) O. Kuntze .......................................87 Polygonum glabrum (Willd) ..............................................................88 Carex baccans Neas ...........................................................................89 Chapter 5 Antiviral Compounds .........................................................................91 Ankistrodesmus convolutus Corda, 1838 ...........................................91 Chara vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753 ..........................................................92 Synechococcus elongatus (Nageli) Nageli, 1849 ...............................93 Anabaena sphaerica Bornet & Flahault, 1888 ..................................93 Nostoc ellipsosporum Rabenhorst ex Bornet & Flahault, 1888 .........94 Scytonema varium Kutzing, 1849 ......................................................95 Lyngbya lagerheimeii (Gom.) Anagn. et. Kom ..................................95 Spirulina maxima sp. nov. (= Anthospira maxima) ...........................96 Ranunculus sieboldii Miq and Ranunculus sceleratus Linnaeus ......97 Fallopia japonica Houtt .....................................................................98 Neptunia oleracea Lour .....................................................................99 Alisma orientalis (Sam) Juzep ..........................................................100 Potamogeton ferrugineus Poir .........................................................102 Potamogeton malaianus Miq ...........................................................103 viii Contents Chapter 6 Anticancer Compounds ....................................................................105 Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linnaeus) Lagerheim, 1883 ..................105 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A. Dang ...........................................106 Spirulina fusiformis Voronikhin, 1934 ............................................107 Lyngbya sp. .......................................................................................108 Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann, 1900 ....................................108 Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemmermann ..............................................109 Phormidium tenue (Meneghini) Gomont, 1892 ...............................109 Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet, 1880 ..................................................109 Nostoc sp. .........................................................................................110 Enhydra fluctuans Lour ...................................................................110 Ethulia conyzoides Linnaeus ...........................................................112 Polygonum lepathifolium Linnaeus .................................................113 Polygonum barbatum Linnaeus .......................................................114 Nuphar lutea (L) Sm. .......................................................................114 Nymphaea pubescens Willd .............................................................116 Utricularia aurea Lour, 1790 ...........................................................116 Rotula aquatica Lour .......................................................................117 Lysimachia clethroides Duby ...........................................................118 Lysimachia nummularia Linnaeus...................................................119 Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsi L...................................................120 Jussiaea repens Linnaeus.................................................................121 Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) .......................................................122 Lythrum salicaria Linnaeus .............................................................123 Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb .................................................124 Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen (= Gomphrena stenophylla) ...125 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk .................................................................126 Polygonum minus Hudson, 1762 ......................................................127 Polygonum cuspidatum Sicbold & Zucc. .........................................128 Acorus gramineus Soland Aiton ......................................................129 Carex vulpinoidea Michx .................................................................130 Chapter 7 Antioxidant Compounds ..................................................................131 Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kutzing, 1843 ...........................131 Pediastrum duplex Meyen, 1829 ......................................................132 Spongiochloris spongiosa (Vischer) Starr, 1955 ..............................132 Dactylococcopsis fascicularis Lemmermann, 1898 ........................134 Anabaena doliolum Bharadwaja, 1935 ............................................134 Nostochopsis lobatus Wood em Geitler ...........................................135 Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt (= Polygonum sachalinense) ....136 Rumex patientia Linnaeus ................................................................137 Rumex dentatus Linnaeus ................................................................140 Rumex gmelini Turtcz.......................................................................142 Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb ............................................................143 Contents ix Ranunculus rionii Lagger ................................................................144 Caltha palustris Linnaeus ................................................................145 Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus ....................................................146 Myriophyllum verticillatum Linnaeus ..............................................147 Nymphaea candida Presl. & C. Presl. ..............................................147 Nymphaea coerulea Sav ...................................................................151 Euryale ferox Salisb. ........................................................................152 Ipomoea asarifolia (Desrousseaux) Romer & Schultes ...................153 Mentha spicata Linnaeus .................................................................154 Sphaeranthus africanus Linnaeus ...................................................156 Sphaeranthus indicus Linnaeus .......................................................157 Grangea maderaspatana (L) Poir (= Artemisia maderaspatana) ...158 Caesulia axillaris Roxb ....................................................................159 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn .................................................................160 Lindernia anagollis (Burn. f.) Pennell .............................................161 Epilobium hirsutum Linnaeus ..........................................................162 Centella asiatica (L. Urban) ............................................................163 Juncus acutus Linnaeus ...................................................................164 Hygroryza aristata (Retz) Nees ex Wight & Arn. ...........................165 Aponogeton undulatus Roxb. ...........................................................166 Carex folliculata Linnaeus ...............................................................167 Chapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Compounds ...............................169 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault .................169 Ipomoea alba Linnaeus ....................................................................170 Ipomoea muricata (Linnaeus) Jacquin.............................................171 Chapter 9 Antidiabetic Compounds ..................................................................173 Oscillatoria perornata Skuja, 1949 .................................................173 Lyngbya dendrobia Bruhl & Biswas, 1923 ......................................173 Oscillatoria chlorina Kutzing ex Gomont, 1892 .............................174 Oscillatoria amoena (Kutzing) Gomont, 1892 ................................175 Oscillatoria calcuttensis Biswas, 1925 ............................................175 Lyngbya limnetica Lemmermann, 1898 ...........................................175 Phormidium purpurescens (Kutzing) Gomont, 1890 .......................176 Nymphaea nouchali Burm, F (= Nymphaea stellata) ......................176 Chapter 10 Anticoagulant Compounds ...............................................................179 Microcystis viridis (A. Braun) Lemmermann, 1903 ........................179 Nymphaea ampla (Salisbury) de Candolle.......................................183 Nuphar variegatum Eugelm. Durand ...............................................183 Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald .................................................184