Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

33 Pages·2016·5.1 MB·English

by  Doralynn Co

California’s Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP)

Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in California and
SWAMP's Statewide Strategy
San Francisco Bay Water Board Workshop
Beverley Anderson-Abbs
SWAMP – OIMA
[email protected]
Cyanobacteria and other Freshwater HABs
Cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae)
 Occur in most waterbodies (fresh, brackish,
marine)
 Exist as single cells or as colonies
 Can form dense blooms
Potentially harmful (harmful algal bloom, HAB)

Other HABs
 Prymnesium parvum (fish kills)
 Didymosphenia germinate (Adverse effects on fish
and invertebrate populations)
Why California needs a Freshwater
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Strategy
 HABs increasing worldwide and in California
• Increasing water temperatures
• High nutrient concentrations
• Drought – less water, low flows
 HABs create significant water quality issues
Where are they?
Lakes
Rivers and streams
Wetlands
Estuaries Marine waters
Microcystis
 Most common toxic cyanobacteria
 Produces microcystins
 Microcystin human health thresholds
• OEHHA recreation = 0.8 ug/L
• USEPA drinking water = 0.3 ug/L
Toxin Chemical Class Action Effect Reference Producing Species

Microcystins Cyclic Serine/threonine Hepatotoxin; MacKintosh Microcystis
heptapeptides; protein damages liver et al. 1990, aeruginosa
80 variants; phosphatase (1 Yoshizawa et Planktothrix sp.
microcystin-LR is and 2A) al. 1990 Phormidium sp.

most toxic inhibitors Anabaena sp.
Anabaenopsis sp.
Nostoc sp.
Oscillatoria limosa
Radiocystis sp.
Gloeotrichia sp.
Anatoxin-a Alkaloid Competitive Neurotoxins: Devlin et al. Anabaena sp.

inhibitor of causes death by 1977, Aphanizomenon sp.

acetyl choline respiratory Carmichael Planktothrix sp.
arrest et al. 1990, Phormidium sp.

Skulberg et Oscillatoria sp.

al. 1992 Raphidiopsis sp.
Cylindrospermum sp.
Cylindro- Cyclic guanidine Protein synthesis Hepatotoxin/ Runnegar et Cylindrospermopsis
spermopsin alkaloid inhibitor Cytotoxin; al. 1994, sp.
affects liver, also Terao et al. Anabaena sp.

kidney, spleen, 1994, Ohtani Aphanizomenon sp.
thymus and et al. 1992 Raphidiopsis sp.
heart Umezakia natans
Nodularin Cyclic Serine/threonine Hepatotoxin; Yoshizawa et Nodularia sp.
pentapeptide; protein damages liver al. 1990
only a few phosphatase 1

variants and 2A inhibitor

identified

Anatoxin-a (S) Phosphate ester Anticholin- Neurotoxins: Carmichael Anabaena sp.
of cyclic N- esterase causes death by et al. 1990

hydroxyguanine respiratory

arrest

Saxitoxins Carbamate Sodium channels Neurotoxin; Sivonen and Anabaena sp.

alkaloids blocker Jones 1999 Aphanizomenon sp.
causes death by
Cylindrospermopsis
respiratory
sp.

arrest
Lyngbya sp.
Planktothrix sp.
BMAA Non-protein Neurotoxin: Cox et al. All

amino acid (Parkinson’s 2005
Dementia

Complex)
Dermato-toxins Aplysiatoxins Protein kinase C Dermatotoxin: Mynderse et Lyngbya sp.
activators tumor al. 1977, Oscillatoria sp.

promoters; Fujiki et al. Shizothrix sp.

dermatitis and 1990
intestinal

inflammations
Areas in California with
Recurrent Toxic Algae Blooms
Klamath
Basin
OEHHA
Fact Sheet
Clear Lake
San Francisco Bay area/Delta
Pinto Lake/Monterey Bay
Revision of Office of
Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment
(OEHHA) Fact Sheet Southern California
(2012)
Prymnesium “Golden algae”
SWAMPs Freshwater
HABs Assessment and
Support Strategy
 Goal – articulate a coordinated
and widely supported, long-
term program to assess,
communicate, and manage
freshwater HABs

 Ca. CyanoHAB Network
(CCHAB) anticipated to
coordinate/implement strategy